1. Sectional Differences Chapter 7 Section 2

2. The North Embraces Industry Between 1815 and 1860 – U.S. developed an industrial sector Between 1815 and 1860 – U.S. developed an industrial sector Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to British manufactured goods Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to British manufactured goods Americans built their own factories in the Northeast Americans built their own factories in the Northeast Congress imposed the Tariff of 1816 – tariff on imports designed to protect American industry Congress imposed the Tariff of 1816 – tariff on imports designed to protect American industry

3. continued Helped industry but hurt farmers who had to pay more for consumer goods Helped industry but hurt farmers who had to pay more for consumer goods Most new factories arose in the Northeast Most new factories arose in the Northeast More investors, cheaper labor, good rivers More investors, cheaper labor, good rivers

4. Social Change in the North Industrialization hurt highly skilled artisans Industrialization hurt highly skilled artisans Most suffered declining wages Most suffered declining wages Sought political change Sought political change Developed labor unions – groups of workers who unite to seek better pay and conditions Developed labor unions – groups of workers who unite to seek better pay and conditions Factory owners sometimes turned to the courts for protection Factory owners sometimes turned to the courts for protection

5. A Middle Class Emerges Middle class emerged Middle class emerged Many began to move their homes away from the crowds of workshops and factories Many began to move their homes away from the crowds of workshops and factories Neighborhoods became segregated by class as well as by race Neighborhoods became segregated by class as well as by race Middle class – work became separated from family life Middle class – work became separated from family life

6. Emigration From Ireland and Germany More and more, working class comprised of immigrants More and more, working class comprised of immigrants Surge came mostly from Ireland and Germany – nations suffering from depression, political upheaval and rural famines Surge came mostly from Ireland and Germany – nations suffering from depression, political upheaval and rural famines New immigrants tended to be Catholic or Jewish New immigrants tended to be Catholic or Jewish Most immigrants had to find work on docks, in factories, or construction sites Most immigrants had to find work on docks, in factories, or construction sites

7. Caused urban growth Caused urban growth Poverty forced immigrants to cluster in shabby neighborhoods Poverty forced immigrants to cluster in shabby neighborhoods Competed with African Americans Competed with African Americans Clash between Protestants and Catholics Clash between Protestants and Catholics Many Protestants became active in Democratic Party because they disliked immigration Many Protestants became active in Democratic Party because they disliked immigration Nativists – campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers Nativists – campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers

8. Southern Agricultural Economy and Society Slavery became more profitable as cotton became the South’s leading crop Slavery became more profitable as cotton became the South’s leading crop Three developments helped cotton production Three developments helped cotton production Cotton gin, industrialization, westward expansion Cotton gin, industrialization, westward expansion Cotton gin – 1793 invented by Eli Whitney, machine reduced the amount of time and cost of separating cotton seeds Cotton gin – 1793 invented by Eli Whitney, machine reduced the amount of time and cost of separating cotton seeds Increase in cotton supply filled a growing demand from textile factories Increase in cotton supply filled a growing demand from textile factories

9. Cotton Boom Spreads Slavery Cotton required workers as well as land Cotton required workers as well as land Need met with slaves Need met with slaves Illegal trade and interstate trade filled the gap Illegal trade and interstate trade filled the gap Slaves became more valuable to their owners Slaves became more valuable to their owners Number of slaves increased between 1820 and 1840 Number of slaves increased between 1820 and 1840 Became more important to economy Became more important to economy

10. Economic Consequences Most of South became too dependent on one crop Most of South became too dependent on one crop Plantation dispersed the population Plantation dispersed the population Also did not attract immigrants Also did not attract immigrants Northern population grew faster than the southern population Northern population grew faster than the southern population Trend increased political power of the North Trend increased political power of the North

11. Cultural Consequences Dispersed population and burden of slavery affected the culture of the South Dispersed population and burden of slavery affected the culture of the South Rate of southern white illiteracy was 3 times higher than the North Rate of southern white illiteracy was 3 times higher than the North Most southern whites vigorously defended slavery because they wanted to own their own plantations Most southern whites vigorously defended slavery because they wanted to own their own plantations