1. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics1 CHAPTER 2 GEOMETRIC OPTICS

2. Every ray from O to I requires the same transit time  isochronous. The point O is the conjugate of point I. In an ideal system, every ray from O pass through I. Practical systems are non-ideal due to: 1.Scattering  dimming 2.Aberrations  distortion; no 1-to-1 relationship 3.Diffraction  sharpness (diffraction limited) Optics 311 - Geometric Optics2 Imaging by an optical system

3. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics3 Reflection at a Spherical Surfaces http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=48

4. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics4 Thin Lenses Lensmaker’s equation

5. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics5 Reflection at a Spherical Surfaces Reflection (Mirrors)Refraction (lenses) CasesConvexConcaveConvergingDiverging Case 1 V-U-SV-U-L V-U-S Case 2 V-U-SR-I-L V-U-S Case 3 V-U-SR-I-S V-U-S

6. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics6 Reflection at a Spherical Surfaces

7. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics7 Refraction at a Spherical Surfaces

8. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics8 Refraction at a Spherical Surfaces Starting from Snell’s law What happens when R   ?

9. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics9 Refraction at a Spherical Surfaces Example..

10. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics10 Vergence and Refractive Power When distance is measured in meters.. The refracting power is measured in diopters

11. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics11 Vergence and Refractive Power When two thin lenses are in direct contact

12. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics12 Newtonian Equation for the Thin Lens

13. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics13 Cylindrical Lenses Spherical Lens (stigmatic) Cylindrical Lens (astigmatic)

14. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics14 ABERRATION Spherical

15. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics15 ABERRATION Coma

16. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics16 ABERRATION Astigmatism Circle of least confusion

17. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics17 ABERRATION Field curvature

18. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics18 ABERRATION Distortion Angular deviation of the wavefront destroying the linear relation between dimensions in object and image

19. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics19 THE INFLUENCE OF APERTURE STOPS Images can be improved by stops Distortion can be controlled by the correct positioning of the aperture stops

20. Optics 311 - Geometric Optics20 THE CORRECTION OF CHROMATIC ABERRATION Chromatic aberration: The spread of an image point over a range of colors The power of a refracting surface depends on the wavelength WHY ?? Can be compensated for by combining lenses made of different materials