1. Formation of Granitic liquids on Venus Chen Wei-Yu

2. Outline Introduction Experiment A: Preparing elements B: Preparing for the oven C: Fusing process D: Data Analysis Results and Difficulties Problem 1: Consultation Problem 2: The oven

3. Mariner 10 photograph of Venus in ultraviolet light (photo color-enhanced)

4. Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is the third brightest natural object in the sky (dusk). Venus is similar in sized to the Earth but it has a thick CO 2 -rich atmosphere that masks the surface. Recently it was suggested that Venus may have been habitable before it lost its water.

5. Magellan spacecraft use the synthetic aperture radar to scan the surface of Venus (centered at 180 degrees east longitude)

6. Venus Radius: 6051.8 (95% Earth) Volume: 9.28×10 11 km 3 (87% Earth) Mass: 4.8676×10 24 kg (82% Earth) Orbital period: 225 days The physical characteristics of Venus are the most Earth-like. However, it also has its own unique characteristic that different from earth.

7. Difference between Earth The Venus rotates clockwise because the planet is probably upside down. The atmosphere is above 95% CO 2 creating a super greenhouse (460°C). There are a number of volcanic structures but there is only indirect evidence of volcanic activity. Venus does not have surface water/ice. Venus not have an internally derived magnetosphere.

9. Geology of Venus 1.Venus has many geological structures that are similar to Earth. There are compression related mountains. There are volcanic plains (ocean-like basins?) and crustal highlands (continents?). Hotspot volcanic edifices. There are comparatively few impact structures indicating a young surface. 2.The major difference: Venus does not have modern Earth-like plate tectonics.

10. Geology of Venus Without Earth-like plate tectonics it is thought that Venus must undergo either a catastrophic resurfacing or a slow gradual resurfacing. Both models explain the low crater density on Venus but they have very different implications for the internal cooling mechanism.

11. Geology of Venus The surface of Venus base on three main highlands (Aphrodite Terra, Ishtar Terra, and Lada Terra).

13. Landing Sites Venera 13, Venera 14 and Vega 2 landed on the volcanic plain. The rocks analyzed at the Venera 14 and Vega 2 landing sites are similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt but Venera 13 is more alkaline (mafic leucitite).

15. Venera 14

16. Surface Composition of Venus SampleVenera 13 1 Venera 14 1 Vega 2 2 MORB 3 SiO 2 (wt.%)45.1 ± 3.048.7 ± 3.650.8 ± 1.649.21 TiO 2 1.6 ± 0.451.25 ± 0.40.22 ± 0.051.39 Al 2 O 3 15.8 ± 3.017.9 ± 2.617.8 ± 0.915.81 FeO9.3 ± 2.28.8 ± 1.87.7 ± 0.659.18 MnO0.2 ± 0.10.16 ± 0.080.16 ± 0.060.16 MgO11.4 ± 6.28.1 ± 3.312.8 ± 1.858.53 CaO7.1 ± 1.010.3 ± 1.28.3 ± 0.3511.14 Na 2 O2.0 ± 0.5*2.4 ± 0.4*2.0 ± 0.5*2.71 K2OK2O4.0 ± 0.60.2 ± 0.070.11 ± 0.040.26 SO 3 1.6 ± 1.00.35 ± 0.3 - Cl< 0.3< 0.4 - H2OH2O - Total98.498.5699.8998.39 Surkov et al. (1984, 1986)

17. Does Venus have granite? The known surface of Venus almost entirely comprised of igneous terrains. Basalt (MORB?) may be the most abundant rock type. Granite, which is a common component of the Earth’s crust, can be derived fractional crystallization of mafic magmas and partial melting of mafic rocks. Is it possible that granitic rocks and their volcanic equivalents can form on Venus?

18. Granite on Earth water contentPressuretemperature Subduction zone WetHighIntermediate Continental rifting zone DryLowHigh Mid ocean ridge A little wetLowHigh Collision zoneDryHighLow

19. Modeling The computer modeling using the data reported from Venera 13 and 14 indicates that silicic compositions can be produced by fractional crystallization and partial melting. The models assumed an anhydrous composition and a low water (0.2 wt.%) composition. Based on these models, we attempt produce synthetic Venus basalt and conduct crystallization experiments.

20. Experiment A: Prepare the synthetic samples A-1 Baking the elements A-2 Store the baked elements in the dry cabinets B: Prepare the oven C: Fusing process C-1 Mix the dry elements C-2~6 melting in the lab D: Analyze the glass

21. ElementsMolecular weightBaking time (hr)Temperature(°C) SiO 2 (wt.%)60.0861200 TiO 2 79.8812900 Al 2 O 3 101.96121200 Fe 2 O 3 159.6915900 MnO 2 86.9115350 MgO40.31151200 CaCO 3 100.0914400 NaCO 3 155.9914400 K 2 CO 3 138.2114400 A-1 Baking the elements

22. Using the 1300°C oven to bake all elements

23. A-2 Store the baked elements in the dry cabinets SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 K 2 CO 3 MgO TiO 2 MnO 2

24. B: Preparing the oven Find a Department that has the proper high-T oven Taipei Tech: Electro Ceramics Laboratory NTU: Ceramics & Materials Science Laboratory

25. C-1 Mix the elements MoleculeVenera 13Venera 14Vega 2 SiO 2 4.67404.97905.0253 TiO 2 0.16470.12770.0220 Al 2 O 3 1.63741.83001.7632 FeO t* 0.96380.89970.8485 Fe 2 O 3 1.07080.99950.9427 MnO(MnO 2 )0.0207(0.0253)0.0163(0.0200)0.0154(0.0189) MgO1.18140.82811.2673 CaO(CaCO 3 )0.7358(0.13133)1.0530(1.8795)0.8265(1.4752) Na 2 O(Na 2 CO 3 )0.2072(0.3544)0.2453(0.4196)0.2204(0.3769) K 2 O(K 2 CO 3 )0.4145(0.6082)0.0204(0.0300)0.0110(0.0161) Total9.9995g 9.9996g The recalculation of the sample

26. C-1 Mixing the elements Mix the elements in the Pt Crucible

27. C: Fusing C-2 bring them to the lab. C-3 heat them to 1500°C in 5 hours C-4 keep at 1500°C for 1 hours C-5 take the 1500°C crucible out and quench it with water. C-6 remove the cooled glass

28. This oven gave me hope and disappointed me in the end.

29. D: Analyze the glass We did not accomplish this part of the summer research plan. Analyze the glass using a SEM and EMPA to assess the homogeneity of the glass.

30. Results and Difficulties The fusing experiments could not be completed due to the limitations/restrictions of the oven. We are attempting to solve this problem during the Fall of 2016.

31. Difficulties: communication The summer is an unpredictable time for lab experiments. A month was spent trying to arrange time with representatives of Taipei Tech to discuss the application of the high temperature furnace. NTU required at least week to book the experiment time.

32. Difficulties 2: The Oven The professor at Taipei Tech did not agree to allow us to use the oven for the experiment. The oven at NTU is too small for the Pt crucible used during the sample preparation.

33. Next….. We have three options: – Find another oven. – Use a smaller crucible. – Buy an oven. I am with the project until the end or until I die!