1. EQ: How did Rome go from Republic to Empire? Do Now: Analyze the following map of Rome in 44 BC. Answer the following Questions: 1. What inferences could you make about Rome by studying this map? 2. What might be some consequences of expanding your territory to this size?

2. By the 3 rd century B.C., the Romans conquered the Italian peninsula & began to exert power in the Mediterranean world But, the growth of Rome threatened Carthage, the superpower of the Mediterranean world

3. In a series of battles known as the Punic Wars, Rome defeated Carthage & began the dominant power in the Mediterranean

4. After the Punic Wars, Rome conquered new territories & gained great wealth One of the generals who led Rome’s expansion was a politician named Julius Caesar

5. The Rise & Fall of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar took advantage of the chaos in Rome & was named dictator in 46 B.C. He initiated a series of reforms that offered Roman citizenship to conquered people & created new jobs Many Senators feared Caesar’s popularity & power as dictator of Rome

6. In 44 B.C., Senators assassinated Julius Caesar

7. The assassination led to another civil war led by Caesar’s adopted nephew Octavian & his best general, Marc Antony

8. End of the Republic & Rise of the Empire ■ Caesar’s death changed Rome: – People no longer trusted the Senate to rule Rome & the Roman Republic came to an end & the empire began

9. The Roman Empire  By 31 A.D, Octavian Augustus was name Rome’s first emperor; he served much like a King in that his power was absolute and he named his successors. This date marked the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire (imperial rule).

10.  Augustus created a stable government which was centralized and bureaucratic and issued economic reform. For example, he made the tax system more fair.  Augustus’ rule began a 200 year-span known as the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) - a period of peace and prosperity which ended after the death of Marcus Aurelius. The Roman Empire

11.  Social and Economic problems were hidden. To keep the restless mobs of people content, Roman emperors issued a policy of “bread and circus” in which the poor were given free food and all citizens were entertained using tax dollars.

14. Close: Explain how Rome went from Republic to Empire.