1. Review and preview Phonology– production and analysis of the sounds of language Semantics – words and their meanings Today – Morphology and Syntax Huennekens 2015 1

2. Morphological Development ECSE 500 Spring 2015 Huennekens 2015 2

3. Morphology In biology: the study of the form and structure of animals and plants In linguistics: the study and description of how words are formed in a language Huennekens 2015 3

4. Morphemes The basic units of morphology - a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function Example: ▫Words: talk, talks, talker, talked, talking ▫Morphemes: talk, ~s, ~er, ~ed, ~ing ▫Word: reopened ▫Morphemes: re~, open, ~ed Huennekens 2015 4

5. Morphemes and Syllables Lady ▫two syllables (la.dy) ▫one morpheme Disagreeable ▫five syllables (dis.a.gree.a.ble), ▫three morphemes (dis+agree+able) Huennekens 2015 5

6. Free and Bound Morphemes Free Morphemes can stand by themselves ▫Examples? talk, open, tour, hunt, act Bound Morphemes cannot stand alone, and are usually tied to another morpheme. ▫Examples? ~s, ~er, ~ed, ~ing, re~, ~ate All AFFIXES are bound morphemes! Huennekens 2015 6

7. Free and Bound Morphemes When a free morpheme has bound morphemes attached, we typically call it a stem. ▫Word: teachers (teach –er-s) Not all words have a free morpheme! ▫Words: receive, reduce, repeat ▫Morphemes: re~, ~ceive, ~duce, ~peat Huennekens 2015 7

8. What are the morphemes? What are the stems? Are they bound or free? ▫undignified ▫restlessness ▫disrespectful ▫dishonesty ▫farmers ▫friendliness ▫artistic Huennekens 2015 8

9. FREE MORPHEMES Two categories - lexical morphemes and functional morphemes ▫Lexical Morphemes: words that carry content ▫nouns (girl, man, house, tiger) ▫adjectives (sad, long, yellow, sincere) ▫verbs (look, follow, break, go) Lexical morphemes are open class – we can create new ones easily! Huennekens 2015 9

10. FREE MORPHEMES Functional Morphemes – all other free morphemes Examples: ▫the, a, an (articles) ▫at, in, on, above (prepositions) ▫he, she, her, we, that, these (pronouns) ▫nor, or, but, so (conjunctions) Functional morphemes are closed class – we rarely (almost never) create new ones! Huennekens 2015 10

11. BOUND MORPHEMES (derivational and inflectional) Derivational Morphemes – ▫When added to a stem, they almost always change the part of speech of the word ▫Examples: ▫good (adjective) + ~ness = goodness (noun) ▫care (noun or verb) + ~less = careless (adjective) ▫pay (verb) + ~ment = payment (noun) Huennekens 2015 11

12. BOUND MORPHEMES (derivational and inflectional) Inflectional Morphemes – show different grammatical forms of the same word Nouns – (Plural ~s & Possessive ‘s) ▫books, cats, teachers Jane’s, UCF’s, students’ Verbs ▫3rd person singular ~s - walks, works, visits ▫Progressive ~ing – walking, working, visiting ▫Past tense ~ed – walked, worked, visited Huennekens 2015 12

13. BOUND MORPHEMES Inflectional Morphemes – show different grammatical forms of the same word Adjectives ▫Comparative ~er - smaller, louder, prettier ▫Superlative ~est - smallest, loudest, prettiest In English, there are EIGHT inflectional morphemes. Huennekens 2015 13

14. BOUND MORPHEMES Find the 8 types of Inflectional Morphemes in the sentences below: 1. Jim’s two sisters are really different. 2. One likes to have fun and is always laughing. 3. The other liked to read as a child and has always taken things seriously. 4. One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse. Huennekens 2015 14

15. Review The girl's mother slowly filled the bucket with water" ▫1-sentence, it has 9-words, and 13-syllables, and it contains twelve morphemes. "He meets the unhappiest boys" ▫1-sentence, it has 5-words, and 8-syllables, and it contains nine morphemes. Huennekens 2015 15

16. Overregularizations Children will use regular morphology in places where the adult language requires irregular morphology. ▫foots, comed, holded, and mouses, Huennekens 2015 16

17. Overregularizations "He putted the plate on the table." ▫A past tense morpheme has been added to the verb, but it's not supposed to be there. "They have six childrens.“ ▫The word "children" is already plural, but someone has added a needless plural suffix. Think of more examples. Huennekens 2015 17

18. Strategies … Linguistic Scaffolding Expansion Language-rich environment ▫Shared-reading ▫Role-playing ▫Plan-do-review Huennekens 2015 18

19. What we know: Morphological development occurs through adolescence. Poor reading ability has been linked to weak morphological skills. Morphology contributes to vocabulary, short- term memory, reading ability, verbal and non- verbal intelligence, phonological awareness, and orthographic knowledge. Huennekens 2015 19