1. SOUND EFFECTS

2. RHYTHM 4 The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem 4 Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

3. RHYME 4 Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds. 4 (A word always rhymes with itself.) LAMP STAMP á Share the short “a” vowel sound á Share the combined “mp” consonant sound

4. END RHYME 4 A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Hector the Collector Collected bits of string. Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring.

5. INTERNAL RHYME 4 A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. From “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

6. EXACT RHYME 4 Share the same stressed vowel sound and the same sounds following the vowel: –Complete, retreat –Hate, wait –Compound, astound

7. NEAR RHYME 4 a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme, approximate rhyme 4 The words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH ROSE LOSE á Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound) á Share the same consonant sound

8. Other Kinds of Rhyme 4 Masculine Rhyme 4 -single-syllable words that rhyme (fat, cat) 4 Multisyllabic words with rhyme in the end syllable (betray, away) 4 Feminine Rhyme 4 A rhymed stressed syllable followed by one or more identical unstressed syllables 4 Gratitude, attitude 4 Butter, clutter

9. RHYME SCHEME 4 A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always). 4 Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.)

10. SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME The Germ by Ogden Nash A mighty creature is the germ, Though smaller than the pachyderm. His customary dwelling place Is deep within the human race. His childish pride he often pleases By giving people strange diseases. Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? You probably contain a germ. aabbccaaaabbccaa

11. ONOMATOPOEIA 4 Words that imitate the sound they are naming BUZZ 4 OR sounds that imitate another sound “The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of each purple curtain...”

12. ALLITERATION 4 Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

13. CONSONANCE 4 Similar to alliteration EXCEPT... 4 The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words “silken, sad, uncertain, rustling.. “

14. ASSONANCE 4 Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. (Often creates near rhyme.) LakeFateBaseFade (All share the long “a” sound.)

15. ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE: “Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.” - John Masefield “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.” - William Shakespeare

16. REFRAIN 4 A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem. “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

17. “Player Piano” by John Updike (p. 951) My stick fingers click with a snicker And, chuckling, they knuckle the keys; Light-footed, my steel feelers flicker And pluck from these keys melodies. My paper can caper; abandon Is broadcast by dint of my din, And no man or band has a hand in The tones I turn on from within. At times I’m a jumble of rumbles, At others I’m light like the moon, But never my numb plunker fumbles, Misstrums me, or tries a new tune.

18. “A Bird Came Down the Walk” by Emily Dickinson (p. 953)A Bird Came Down the Walk

19. “God’s Grandeur” “God’s Grandeur” by Gerard Manley Hopkins (p. 962)

20. “Song” “Song” by John Donne (p. 968)

21. “The Word Plum” by Helen Chasin (p. 974) The word plum is delicious pour and push, luxury of self-love, and savoring murmur full in the mouth and falling like fruit taut skin pierced, bitten, provoked into juice, and tart flesh question and reply, lip and tongue of pleasure.