1. TYPES OF IMAGINE & USES

2. Fluoroscopy  Technique for obtaining “live” X-ray images of a living patient  What systems most commonly used for?  Often used to observe the digestive track

3. Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)  Examination of the kidney, ureters and bladder  Uses a contrast material to enhance the images  Injected into the patients system; progresses through the urinary track then recorded on a series of quickly captured images  Enables the radiologist to review the anatomy and the function of the KUB

4. IVP Machine  Suspended above the table an apparatus containing the x-ray tube  Apparatus moves on a jointed “arm” so that it can be properly positioned  Radiologist can assess abnormalities as well as how quickly and efficiently as the patients system is able to handle waste

6. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)  Diagnostic examination that involves the acquisition of physiologic images based on the detection  Heart: blood flow & heart disease, Decreased function.  Brain: evaluate memory disorders & causes, tumors, seizure disorders.

7. Ultrasound  Or ultrasonography  Medical imagine technique that uses high frequency sound waves the their echoes  Similar to an echolocation used by bats, whales/dolphins & SONAR

8. In an Ultrasound, the following happen: 1. Ultrasound machine transmits high frequency sound pules into the body using a probe 2. Sound waves travel into your body and hit a boundary between tissues; fluid, soft tissue, & bone 3. Some of the sound waves get reflected back to the probe, while some travel further until they reach another boundary and get reflected

9. In an Ultrasound, the following happen: 4. Reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed to the machine 5. The machine calculates the distance form the probe to the tissue or organ using the speed of sound in tissue and the time of each echo’s return 6. Machine then displays the distances and intensities of the echoes on the screen, forming a two dimensional image

11. Ultrasound Machine  Typical ultrasound, millions of pulses and echoes are sent and received each second  Probe can be moved to obtain various views  Transducer Probe: sends and receives the sound waves  Central Processing Unit: CPU, computer that does all the calculations; supplies electrical power to probe  Transducer Pulse Controls: changes the amplitude, frequency and duration of the pulses emitted from the probe  Display: displays image from the data in the CPU  Keyboard: inputs data and takes measurements from display

12. Different types of Ultrasounds  Ultrasounds thus far display a two dimensional image or “slice” of the three dimensional object  Two other types of ultrasounds are currently used: 3D Ultrasound Imagine & Doppler Ultrasound

13. 3D Ultrasound  In these machines, several two dimensional images are acquired by moving the probes across the body surface or rotating inserted probes  The 2D scans are then combined by specialized computer software to form a #D image  Benefits?  Better look at organ: early detection of tumors  Visualizing a fetus to assess its development; abnormalities in face and limbs  Blood flow in organs or fetus  Problems?

15. Doppler Ultrasound  Measures the change in frequency of the echoes to calculate how fast an object is moving  Used mostly to measure the rate of blood flow thorough the heart and arteries

16. Dangers?  Concerns with safety as Ultrasound is energy  Two major concerns: - Development of Heart: tissue absorbs the energy which increases their temperature locally - Formation of bubbles: when dissolved gases come out of solution due to local heat caused by ultrasound  No substantiated ill-effects of ultrasound documented