1. Characteristics of Vertebrates

2. There are seven classes of vertebrates: 1.Class Agnatha – (jawless fish) lamprey and hagfish are the only 2 examples 2. Class Chondrichthyes – (skeletons of cartilage) sharks, skates and rays 3.Class Osteichthyes – (bony fish) trout, bass 4. Class Amphibia – (part of life spent in water then on land) frogs, salamanders

3. 5.Class Reptilia – turtles, snakes, lizards, gators 6.Class Aves – birds 7.Class Mammalia – (3 groups) dog, cat, bear, humans, whales

4. Characteristics of all fish 1.Use gills to get oxygen 2.Have 2 chambered hearts 3.Sexual reproduction – It is called spawning when fish lay eggs 4.Have paired fins 5.Developed senses – a lateral line system help fish detect movement and vibrations – very sensitive to smells in the water and vibrations – very sensitive to smells in the water

5. 6. Jaws develop 7.Bony fish have a swim bladder that allows it to go up and down in the water Class Agnatha 1.Have skeletons of cartilage 2.Are parasites on fish. They get their food by drilling a hole in a fish and sucking the insides out

6. 3.There are only two examples:hagfish and lamprey. 4. Hagfish are most primitive vertebrate 5. Lamprey have a larval stage of up to 7 years – become adults and most die after one year 6.The lamprey almost wiped out the trout population in the Great Lakes

7. Class Chondrichthyes 1.Examples are sharks, skates and rays 2.Have skeletons of cartilage 3.Are predators 4.Have very large livers that produce oil that helps them in the water 5. Has 6 – 20 rows of backward pointing teeth

8. 6.

9. Class Osteichthyes Bony fish 1.First group of animals to have skeletons of true bone 2. Skin covered with scales -Thin, round disks of highly modified bone that grow from pockets of skin -Overlap like roof shingles, all pointing toward tail to minimize friction -Grow during entire life of fish -Adjusting growth pattern to food supply Scales grow quickly when food is abundant and slowly when scarce Scales grow quickly when food is abundant and slowly when scarce

10. 3. Skin contains pigmented chromatophores that create various color patterns 4. Heart has two chambers – 1 atrium and 1 ventricle 5. have a swim bladder that allows it to go up and down in the water 6. Female fish lay eggs and male fertilizes them. This is called spawning. External fertilization and external development of offspring

11. Characteristics of Amphibians Copyright Cmassengale

12. 1. Amphibians are cold-blooded, which means their blood temperature rises and falls with that of the surrounding environment Copyright Cmassengale

13. 2.They use gills, lungs, skin, and mouth cavity in respiration. Copyright Cmassengale

14. 3. Have moist, smooth, thin skin with no scales. Feet are webbed and the toes lack claws. Copyright Cmassengale

15. 4. Larvae have two-chambered hearts; adults have three-chambered hearts and well-developed circulation.

16. Eggs do not have shells and are usually laid in water or in a moist environment and fertilized externally.

17. Biologists have identified about 2,375 living species of amphibians and have classified them into four orders Anura – Frogs & Toads Anura – Frogs & Toads Urodela – Salamanders Urodela – Salamanders Trachystoma – Mud eels Trachystoma – Mud eels Apoda - Caecillians Apoda - Caecillians

18. Frogs and toads make up the Order Anura ("without a tail"). Copyright Cmassengale

19. Salamanders and other amphibians with legs and tails make up the Order Urodela ("visible tail"). Copyright Cmassengale

21. . Some aquatic amphibians (mud eels & sirens) belong to the Order Trachystoma ("rough mouth") Copyright Cmassengale

22. Siren

23. Apoda includes caecilians, a tropical, burrowing worm-like amphibians that is often Legless Copyright Cmassengale

24. Anuran Characteristics Copyright Cmassengale

25. Frogs and toads comprise the order Anura There are about 3,500 known species of frogs and 300 kinds of toads They are found on every continent except Antarctica Copyright Cmassengale

26. Some types spend their entire life in or near water, but others live mainly on land and come to the water only to mate Copyright Cmassengale

27. Some frogs and toads are climbers that dwell in trees or burrowers that live underground. Copyright Cmassengale

28. Toads and frogs have many similarities in the way they look. Some basic differences between them are: toads have dry, warty skin, while frogs have smooth, wet skin. Copyright Cmassengale

29. Both frogs and toads return to water to reproduce. In nearly all species eggs are fertilized externally. The fertilized eggs hatch into swimming larval forms called tadpoles Copyright Cmassengale

30. Urodelan Characteristics Copyright Cmassengale

31. Salamanders, typical members of the Order Urodela, have elongated bodies, long tails, and smooth, moist skin Copyright Cmassengale

32. Compared to the anurans, salamanders are less able to remain on dry land, although some can live in dry areas by remaining inactive during the day Copyright Cmassengale

33. Salamander lay their eggs in water and like anurans they hatch into swimming larva Salamander eggs Copyright Cmassengale

34. Some glands secrete foul-tasting or poisonous substances that protect the frog from enemies Copyright Cmassengale

35. Some frogs, such as Hyla versicolor, can change color in order to blend with the environment. Count the number of frogs in the picture? Copyright Cmassengale

36. Reptiles

37. What adaptations do animals make when living on land instead of in water?

38. Major groups of Modern reptiles Tuatara -- called a living fossil, found in New Zealand Turtles and tortoises Lizards and snakes Alligators and crocodiles

39. There are about 265 species of turtles and tortoises. Tortoises are found on land and turtles in water.

41. Croc/gators Order composed of 20 species of large lizard-shaped reptiles- crocodiles, alligators, caimans and gavials Order composed of 20 species of large lizard-shaped reptiles- crocodiles, alligators, caimans and gavials Crocodilians live in or near water in tropical/ subtropical regions of the world - Crocodiles- nocturnal animals; Africa, Asia and Americas - Crocodiles- nocturnal animals; Africa, Asia and Americas - Alligators - China and southern U.S. - Alligators - China and southern U.S.

42. Carnivorous- hunt by stealth- features adapted for this behavior - Eyes on head, nostrils on top of snout - Eyes on head, nostrils on top of snout -see and breathe while in water -see and breathe while in water - Valve to prevent water from entering air passage - Valve to prevent water from entering air passage - Parental care- both parents care for young by carrying in jaws until development - Parental care- both parents care for young by carrying in jaws until development

43. There are 5,640 species of lizards and snakes Lizards- presence of limbs - Common lizards- iguanas, chameleons, skinks and geckos - Common lizards- iguanas, chameleons, skinks and geckos - Live everywhere except Antarctic - Live everywhere except Antarctic - Special adaptations- agility and camouflage - Special adaptations- agility and camouflage - 2 species are venomous- Gila monster (SW U.S.) and beaded lizard (western Mexico) - 2 species are venomous- Gila monster (SW U.S.) and beaded lizard (western Mexico) - Most prey on insects or small animals - Most prey on insects or small animals

44. Snakes By flicking its forked tongue, a snake gathers chemicals from the environment. The tongue transfers these chemicals to two pits in the roof of the mouth called the Jacobson’s organ where the nerves are highly sensitive to the chemicals. There are two types of poisonous snakes Hemotoxin – poison that affects blood Neurotoxin – poison that affects the nerves – kills very quickly Neurotoxin – poison that affects the nerves – kills very quickly

45. Birds

46. Characteristics of Birds The following characteristics distinguish birds from other Vertebrates: Body covered with feathers Bones are thin and hollow The forelimb function on wings used for flight not grasping The two hind limbs, with clawed toes support body A toothless, horny beak in present Body temperatures is generated and regulated internally The 4-chambered heart has a single right aortic arch Amniote eggs are encased in hard, calcium-containing shells. Most species eggs are incubated in a nest. copyright cmassengale

47. In the process called preen gland located at the base of the tail. The major molt, during which the birds replaces its flight feathers, occurs in the late summer between breeding and migration.

48. Territoriality and Courtship During the breeding season many male birds establish an area that they defend against other males of their species, a behavior called territoriality. The male then attempts to attract a female to share this territory. Once a territory is established most birds engage in a period of courtship, behavior that is designed to attract a mate. Many males attract females by means of their brightly colored feathers. Some males combine song with flight displays. copyright cmassengale