1. The Rise of the “New South” and Racial Segregation Outcome: End of Reconstruction

2. End of Reconstruction Because of the economic destruction of the South and the loss of the slave work force, a new industry was needed in the post-war South. Because of the economic destruction of the South and the loss of the slave work force, a new industry was needed in the post-war South. There were suddenly no crops and tons of labor (Freedman) so a new system was created for rich White landowners to capitalize on this after Radical Reconstruction. There were suddenly no crops and tons of labor (Freedman) so a new system was created for rich White landowners to capitalize on this after Radical Reconstruction. Sharecropping: system where landowners divided their land and assigned households a few acres to work the land and keep a small share of the crops grown, often making very little money. Sharecropping: system where landowners divided their land and assigned households a few acres to work the land and keep a small share of the crops grown, often making very little money. Whites wanted some way to regain what was lost during Radical Reconstruction. Reconstruction would end with a five year economic depression that began in 1873. Whites wanted some way to regain what was lost during Radical Reconstruction. Reconstruction would end with a five year economic depression that began in 1873.

3. Sharecropping

4. Sharecropping

5. Rise of the “New South” As the Sharecropping industry starts to take hold in the South, it becomes clear that this will not be able to rebuild the South alone. Southern states need to produce the needed economic push the South needs to rebuild. As the Sharecropping industry starts to take hold in the South, it becomes clear that this will not be able to rebuild the South alone. Southern states need to produce the needed economic push the South needs to rebuild. New crops other than cotton, such as sugar, tobacco, and other crops allowed the South to diversify. Lumber and coal in some areas also allow the South to begin advancing economically. New crops other than cotton, such as sugar, tobacco, and other crops allowed the South to diversify. Lumber and coal in some areas also allow the South to begin advancing economically. Northern industry and new innovation come to the South in the form of hydroelectric machines and railroads that start to turn the South into a new technology Northern industry and new innovation come to the South in the form of hydroelectric machines and railroads that start to turn the South into a new technology Quickly, sharecropping cotton fields was seen as work for the impoverished lower classes, ie the African American population of the South with new and better paying jobs going to Whites who wanted to rebuild the South along racially divided economic lines. Quickly, sharecropping cotton fields was seen as work for the impoverished lower classes, ie the African American population of the South with new and better paying jobs going to Whites who wanted to rebuild the South along racially divided economic lines.

6. Compromise of 1877

7. Southerners Restrain Freedman’s Freedoms  Without Federal troops to enforce the new laws in the South, Freedman were kept from voting by: Without Federal troops to enforce the new laws in the South, Freedman were kept from voting by: Intimidation (FEAR, KKK would lynch voters) Intimidation (FEAR, KKK would lynch voters) Poll Taxes,which many poor black sharecroppers couldn’t afford Poll Taxes,which many poor black sharecroppers couldn’t afford Literacy Tests (can’t read = can’t vote) Literacy Tests (can’t read = can’t vote) Had to read and write to pass; Southern states once had laws against teaching slaves how to read or write, therefore, most blacks couldn’t read or write. Tests were more difficult for blacks Had to read and write to pass; Southern states once had laws against teaching slaves how to read or write, therefore, most blacks couldn’t read or write. Tests were more difficult for blacks Grandfather Clause allowed poor, uneducated whites to vote, and they almost ALWAYS voted against African American candidates and issues Grandfather Clause allowed poor, uneducated whites to vote, and they almost ALWAYS voted against African American candidates and issues Southern states were not dumb, they did not want to be seen as going against the Reconstruction Amendments directly, that would lead to another Federal takeover of their states, sneaky! Southern states were not dumb, they did not want to be seen as going against the Reconstruction Amendments directly, that would lead to another Federal takeover of their states, sneaky!

9. Local Rules for Freedman: Jim Crow Laws Begin Many locations in the South started enacting some local limitations for Freedman, which started small and slowly got larger and larger. Many locations in the South started enacting some local limitations for Freedman, which started small and slowly got larger and larger. Jim Crow, a slur against African Americans, had to be kept in place according to the Southerners of the time, even though their rights were garneted by law. But no one was enforcing the law… Jim Crow, a slur against African Americans, had to be kept in place according to the Southerners of the time, even though their rights were garneted by law. But no one was enforcing the law… But, the Southern states didn’t want to violate the Reconstruction acts, so they made them local laws. But, the Southern states didn’t want to violate the Reconstruction acts, so they made them local laws. Very slowly these laws chipped away at the freedoms of African Americans and made them as close to unofficial slaves as possible by limiting actions and freedoms and binding them in debt to the land. Very slowly these laws chipped away at the freedoms of African Americans and made them as close to unofficial slaves as possible by limiting actions and freedoms and binding them in debt to the land.

10. Legal Discrimination: Plessy v. Ferguson The Civil Rights Act is eventually challenged by Southern States in a Supreme Court case called Plessy v. Ferguson (1883) The Civil Rights Act is eventually challenged by Southern States in a Supreme Court case called Plessy v. Ferguson (1883) Southern business owners were refusing public services to Freedman, and not allowing them services as more and more Jim Crow Laws were being passed by local governments. Southern business owners were refusing public services to Freedman, and not allowing them services as more and more Jim Crow Laws were being passed by local governments. US Supreme Court struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, said that the 14 th Amendment applied only to the states; Private citizens could now legally discriminate based on race. HUGE STEP BACKWARDS FOR THE UNITED STATES. US Supreme Court struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, said that the 14 th Amendment applied only to the states; Private citizens could now legally discriminate based on race. HUGE STEP BACKWARDS FOR THE UNITED STATES.

11. Homer Plessy

12. The Court Case that changed the South: Plessy v Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson Homer Plessy was 1/8 th black and tried to sit in the white section of a train car; was quickly arrested. Appealed all the way to the Supreme Court for his equal rights under the Reconstruction Acts. Homer Plessy was 1/8 th black and tried to sit in the white section of a train car; was quickly arrested. Appealed all the way to the Supreme Court for his equal rights under the Reconstruction Acts. US Supreme Court ruled that facilities could be separate as long as they were equal, thus establishing the “Separate but Equal” clause which allowed for legal segregation in the South US Supreme Court ruled that facilities could be separate as long as they were equal, thus establishing the “Separate but Equal” clause which allowed for legal segregation in the South As soon as Plessy v Ferguson was decided, the entire South would become segregated, or divided by race, all the way until the 1960s As soon as Plessy v Ferguson was decided, the entire South would become segregated, or divided by race, all the way until the 1960s This was a HUGE roll back of African American rights after Reconstruction and is seen as one of the WORST abuses of Supreme Court power in US history. This was a HUGE roll back of African American rights after Reconstruction and is seen as one of the WORST abuses of Supreme Court power in US history.

14. End of Reconstruction Result: Even though Reconstruction was meant to bring the United States back together as one entity, the culture of the South and decisions made by the Supreme Court allowed for legal discrimination that would deny many African Americans rights that would eventually be fought for during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1950s. Result: Even though Reconstruction was meant to bring the United States back together as one entity, the culture of the South and decisions made by the Supreme Court allowed for legal discrimination that would deny many African Americans rights that would eventually be fought for during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1950s.