1. AP U.S. HISTORY REVIEW Heading Toward the Civil War and Reconstruction (1845-1877)

2. Political and Judicial Activity Before the War Who ran for president in 1844? What did Polk and his supporters want? How did Clay feel about expansion? Who won the election? Why did Mexico break off diplomatic relations with the United States?

3. The Polk Presidency What did the Oregon Treaty state and why was Polk willing to accept it? Why did war break out with Mexico? When was the Mexican-American War? Who opposed the war and why? What was the Wilmot Priviso? Who were the Free Soilers?

4. Results of the Mexican-American War What were the provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo? What were the long term results of the war? Define popular sovereignty. What caused a split in the Whig party? Who won the presidency in 1848? What new national party was emerging by the late 1850s?

5. The Compromise of 1850 Explain the conflict over California. What did the Compromise of 1850 call for? Why was the fugitive slave law so controversial? Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin? Why did the novel have such an impact? Who was elected president in 1852?

6. The Kansas-Nebraska Act When was the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed and who proposed it? What act did the Kansas-Nebraska Act repeal and why was this repeal controversial? What were personal liberty laws? Which party completely collapsed as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Who formed the Republicans? What was the Republican party platform? Who did the Republicans appeal to? How successful was the Republican party? Who were the Know-Nothings and why did they eventually self-destruct?

7. “Bleeding Kansas” Who rushed into Kansas and why? Who were the Border Ruffians? Who established an illegal government in Kansas and what did they declare? What did pro-slavery forces do to expel the Abolitionists and what did John Brown and his followers do in retaliation? How many people died in the fighting in Kansas? What happened to Senator Charles Sumner? Who ran for president in 1856 and who won?

8. Buchanan and Dred Scott What did Buchanan do as President? What did the Supreme Court rule in Dred Scott v. Sandford? Who was Roger Taney? How did the North react to the decision? Why was the Democratic party dividing by the late 1850s?

9. The Election of 1860 What position was Abraham Lincoln running for in 1858 and who was his opponent? How did Douglas try to depict Lincoln? What was the Freeport Doctrine and how did it hurt Douglas? What did John Brown do in 1859 and what was the result? Who did the Democrats support in 1860? What was the Constitutional Union party and who did they nominate? Who won the Election of 1860? What was the Crittendon Compromise? What happened in December 1860? Who was Jefferson Davis? What happened on April 12, 1861?

10. The Civil War Who were the Border States? Why did Northerners fight the war? Why did Southerners fight the war?

11. The Confederacy What is ironic about the Confederate government? What was the main obstacle the Confederacy faced in its struggle with the Union? What did rapid economic growth in the South cause? What is conscription and when did it become law in the Confederacy? Why did conscription cause class conflicts?

12. The Union Why did the Northern economy receive a boost from the war? Define war profiteering. Describe the rise of labor unions during the war. How did Lincoln increase the power of the central government during the war?

13. Emancipation of the Slaves What was Lincoln’s position on slavery before the war? What did the Radical Republicans want? What was the Confiscation Acts and why did they have little effect? When was the Emancipation Proclamation issued and who exactly did it free? Who did it NOT free? Why did Abolitionists attack the Proclamation? How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the course of the war? What was the Thirteenth Amendment and when was it ratified?

14. The Election of 1864 What did popular opinion in both North and South favor by 1864? Who opposed Lincoln for the presidency in 1864? Who were the Copperheads? What happened in New York City in July of 1863? Why did Irish immigrants resent the war?

15. The End of the War What played a large role in Lincoln’s reelection? What was the Freedman’s Bureau? What was Sherman’s March to the Sea? What two important events happened in April of 1865? How many men died fighting in the Civil War? What were the other results of the war?

16. Plans for Reconstruction What were the three major questions that had to be faced after the war? What years and events does Reconstruction encompass? What were Lincoln’s feelings about Reconstruction? What was the name of Lincoln’s plan and what did it call for? What was the name of the Radical Republicans’ plan and what did it call for? What happened to the Radical Republicans’ bill?

17. President Andrew Johnson Why had Johnson been selected as Lincoln’s vice-president in 1864? Describe Johnson’s background and his attitudes towards the Southern aristocracy. What did Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan call for? Why did the plan not work? What were the black codes? Which groups divided Congress and what did each group want? What compromise package did Johnson veto and what did Congress do in response? What does the 14 th Amendment state? What did the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 call for?

18. Johnson’s Impeachment Why was Johnson impeached? What were the results of the impeachment? Who was elected president in 1868? What did the Fifteenth Amendment call for? What was part of the reason the amendment passed?

19. The Failure of Reconstruction What were some gains made by Reconstruction? Who were scalawags and carpetbaggers? Why was the period after the Civil War known as the Gilded Age? What is Grant’s administration most remembered for? What were the Credit Mobilier and Whisky Ring scandals? Describe the Ku Klux Klan of the Reconstruction period. What did Supreme Court cases do to hasten the end of Reconstruction? Why did Grant move further away from his radical position on Reconstruction after 1872? What did the Amnesty Act of 1872 do? What impact did the Panic of 1873 have on Reconstruction? What had happened in the South by 1876?

20. The Election of 1876 Who ran for president in 1876? Why was the election disputed? What did Congress do to resolve the dispute? What did the Compromise of 1877 involve?

21. Southern Blacks During and After Reconstruction What did African-Americans do after the Civil War? What did the Freedmen’s Bureau do? What was sharecropping and what were the disadvantages? What was the Great Migration?