1. Biodiversity Test Review

2. Biodiversity Why important

3. Importance of Biodiversity Increases resistance & resilience of ecosystem Less susceptible & quicker recovery Whether spread of disease, fire, drought, human disturbance Genetic diversity gives us more “raw material” New Pharmaceuticals – of top 150 prescription drugs, 118 are derived from natural sources: plants, bacteria, fungi, animals Agriculture / food sources - genes with new/advantageous traits Energy sources Consumer goods / manufacturing / technology Ecological services Recycling nutrients Pollinators Sequester CO 2, release O 2 Filter water Remove / decompose pollutants Aesthetic value / Ethical – intrinsic Critical for sustaining human life – yet often not considered

4. Biodiversity How does human development (building stuff) affect Biodiversity?

5. Biodiversity Over time…the biodiversity is a good indicator of health of ecosystem Higher biodiversity = more resistance & resilience If you damage an ecosystem – lower biodiversity Human development Fragments Alters REDUCES Biodiversity

6. Biodiversity Definition 3 types Genetic Species Richness Evenness Ecosystem

7. Biodiversity Where does diversity come from? (result of what) Natural selection / evolution

8. Natural Selection & Evolution Process - traits (through adaptations / mututions) that allow an organism to survive and reproduce Artificial Selection Humans are breeding for desired traits Faster than natural selection Can result in “resistance” ex: bacteria that come resistant to antibiotics Genetic drift, bottle neck, and founders effect All 3 – small populations (regardless of cause) have less genetic diversity – smaller gene pool – less biodiversity More uniformity But more vulnerable

9. Natural Selection & Evolution Must have genotype in gene pool before it can be expressed – one reason biodiversity is important Large pop – has _larger_ gene pool – _more_ stable But small pop can change more quickly Pace of Evolution environmental change – fast or slow Genetic variation (gene pool) – a lot or little Pop size – large or small Generation (reproduce) time – quicker or slower

10. Biodiversity If can’t adapt, what happens to species

11. Niche Fundamental Realized

12. Species Keystone Indicator Generalist Specialist Introduced Native Non-native Invasive Exotic K vs r Pioneer Endemic

13. Laws Endangered Species Act CITES – Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species Lacey Act Marine Mammal Protection Act NEPA – National Environmental Policy Act EIS – Environmental Impact Statement

14. Restoration & Conservation Restoration attempt to return ecosystems condition to original state Remediation & Rehabilitation return damaged ecosystem to a functional state by repair and reconstruction. Mitigation – reduces overall damage. If a wetland is destroyed in one area by highway construction, another area is restored Preservation – prevention strategy. Protect environment before damage occurs. Setting aside natural & undisturbed areas

15. Loss of Biodiversity HIPPCO H = I = P = C = O =

16. Invasive Species Give 3 examples Why are they a problem / They lower biodiversity The can outcompete the native species This displaces / kills native species The can adapt very quickly to local habitats They have no/few natural predators They can reproduce very quickly Are they always a problem? By definition, yes Otherwise known as alien, nonnative, or exotic if no problem

17. Invasive Species Characteristics of an Invasive Species High biotic potential – intrinsic growth rate Hi reproductive rate / short generation time r-selected species Pioneer species, generalists, tolerate wide range of conditions High genetic diversity Adapt quickly Characteristics of a ecosystem vulnerable to Invasive Species Similar to original habitat No predators that will eat invasive species Low biodiversity Previously disturbed by humans

18. Threatened / Endangered Species Give several examples Why are the in danger Characteristics that make species vulnerable K species Low reproductive rate Specialized niche Needs stable environment Narrow distribution / rare / endemic High or top of food chain Fixed migratory pattern Requires large territory Commercially valuable to humans

19. Threatened / Endangered Species IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List Which animals are most at risk

20. Extinction Give several examples Why are they extinct Characteristics that make species vulnerable What is 6 th mass extinction Why is fossil record incomplete Which animals are most at risk

21. Protecting Biodiversity Preserves Parks Metapopulations Corridors Gene flow’ Edge habitat Hot spots

22. Ecological Succession Primary Secondary Aquatic

23. Tragedy of the Commons Be prepared to explain & give examples