1. Functional Programming in ACL2 Jeremy Johnson Kurt Schmidt Drexel University

2. ACL2 www.cs.utexas.edu/~moore/acl2 ACL2 is a programming language, logic, and theorem prover/checker based on Common Lisp. ACL2 is a powerful system for integrated modeling, simulation, and inductive reasoning. Under expert control, it has been used to verify some of the most complex theorems to have undergone mechanical verification. 1

3. ACL2s (acl2s.ccs.neu.edu) Eclipse plugin (sedan version) Pure functional subset Ensure valid input Different operational modes Termination analysis Random testing and bug generation Install and test and read (ACL2s Programming Language) 2

4. Read-Eval-Print-Loop (REPL) ACL2s reads inputs, evaluates them and prints the result ACL2S BB !>VALUE (* 2 3) 6 ACL2S BB !> 2/11/2009Goldwasser3

5. A Pure Functional Language x 1 = y 1,…,x n =y n  f(x 1,…,x n ) = f(y 1,…,y n ) No side-effects, no assignments, no state, no loops Use recursion instead of iteration Still Turing complete Makes reasoning about programs easier 4

6. C++ Function with Side-Effects #include using namespace std; int cc() { static int x = 0; return ++x; } int main() { cout << "cc() = " << cc() << endl; } 5 % g++ count.c %./a.out cc() = 1 cc() = 2 cc() = 3

7. ACL2 Syntax and Semantics Atoms (symbols, booleans, rationals, strings) predicates Lists ((1 2) 3) nil, cons, first and rest Functions and function application (* 2 (+ 1 2)) if expressions (if test then else) 6

8. ACL2 Atoms Rationals: For example, 11,−7, 3/2,−14/15 Symbols: For example, x, var, lst, t, nil Booleans: There are two Booleans, t, denoting true and nil, denoting false Strings: For example, “hello”, “good bye” 7

9. Function Application (* 2 3) 6 (* 2 (+ 1 2)) 6 (numerator 2/3) 2 (f x 1 … x n ) [applicative order – evaluate all arguments and then apply f] 8

10. if expressions if : Boolean × All × All → All (if test then else) (if test then else) = then, when test = t (if test then else) = else, when test = nil 9

11. Example if expressions (if t nil t) (if nil 3 4) (if (if t nil t) 1 2) 10

12. Equal equal : All × All → Boolean (equal x y) is t if x = y and nil otherwise. (equal 3 nil) = nil (equal 0 0) = t (equal (if t nil t) nil) = t 11

13. Predicates All → Boolean booleanp symbolp integerp rationalp 12

14. Defining Functions (defun booleanp (x) (if (equal x t) t (equal x nil))) 13

15. Applying Functions (booleanp nil)  (if (equal nil t) t (equal nil nil)))  (equal nil nil)  t 14

16. Input/Output Contracts (defunc booleanp (x) :input-contract t :output-contract (booleanp (booleanp x)) (if (equal x t) t (equal x nil))) 15

17. Input/Output Contracts ic ⇒ oc For booleanp (type checking) ∀ x :: t ⇒ (booleanp (booleanp x)) ∀ x :: (if t (booleanp (booleanp x)) t) ∀ x :: (booleanp (booleanp x)) 16

18. Contract Checking ACL2s will not admit a function unless it can prove that every function call in its body satisfies its contract (body contract checking) and can show that it satisfies its contract (contract checking) 17

19. Contract Violations ACL2S BB !>VALUE (unary-/ 0) ACL2 Error in ACL2::TOP-LEVEL: The guard for the function call (UNARY-/ X), which is (COMMON-LISP::AND (RATIONALP X) (COMMON-LISP::NOT (EQUAL X 0))), is violated by the arguments in the call (UNARY-/ 0). 18

20. Contract Checking Example (defunc foo (a) :input-contract (integerp a) :output-contract (booleanp (foo a)) (if (posp a) (foo (- a 1)) (rest a))) 19

21. Boolean Functions And : Boolean × Boolean → Boolean (defunc and (a b) :input-contract (if (booleanp a) (booleanp b) nil) :output-contract (booleanp (and a b)) (if a b nil)) Verify that this implements and (if nil nil nil) = nil (if nil t nil) = nil (if t nil nil) = nil (if t t nil) = t 20

22. Exercise Define or using (if exp then else) Or : Boolean × Boolean → Boolean (defunc or (a b) :input-contract (and (booleanp a) (booleanp b)) :output-contract (booleanp (or a b)) ) Verify your function is correct 21

23. Boolean Functions Or : Boolean × Boolean → Boolean (defunc or (a b) :input-contract (and (booleanp a) (booleanp b)) :output-contract (booleanp (or a b)) (if a t b)) Verify (if nil t nil) = nil (if nil t t) = t (if t t nil) = t (if t t t) = t 22

24. Boolean Functions Similarly define or, not, implies, iff, and xor This shows that all boolean functions can be implemented using (if exp then else) 23

25. Numbers *, +, <, unary--, unary-/ (defunc unary-/ (a) :input-contract (and (rationalp a) (not (equal a 0)))...) Numerator, Denominator Exercise: Subtraction and Division 24

26. posp (defunc posp (a) :input-contract t :output-contract (booleanp (posp a)) (if (integerp a) (< 0 a) nil)) 25

27. Incorrect posp (defunc posp (a) :input-contract t :output-contract (booleanp (posp a)) (and (integerp a) (< 0 a))) 26

28. Recursive Function Definition ;; Given integer n, return 0+1+2+...+n (defun sum-n (n) (if (equal n 0) 0 (+ n (sum-n (- n 1))))) 27

29. Recursive Function Application (sum-n 3)  (if (equal 3 0) 0 (+ 3 (sum-n (- 3 1)))))  (if nil 0 (+ 3 (sum-n (- 3 1))))  (+ 3 (sum-n (- 3 1)))  (+ 3 (sum-n 2)) 28

30. Recursive Function Application  (+ 3 (if (equal 2 0) 0 (+ 2 (sum-n (- 2 1))))))  (+ 3 (if nil 0 (+ 2 (sum-n (- 2 1)))))  (+ 3 (+ 2 (sum-n (- 2 1))))  (+ 3 (+ 2 (sum-n 1))) 29

31. Recursive Function Application  (+ 3 (+ 2 (sum-n 1)))  (+ 3 (+ 2 (if (equal 1 0) 0 (+ 1 (sum-n (- 1 1))))))  (+ 3 (+ 2 (if nil 0 (+ 1 (sum-n (- 1 1))))))  (+ 3 (+ 2 (+ 1 (sum-n (- 1 1)))))  (+ 3 (+ 2 (+ 1 (sum-n 0)))) 30

32. Recursive Function Application  (+ 3 (+ 2 (+ 1 (sum-n 0))))  (+ 3 (+ 2 (+ 1 (if (equal 0 0) 0 (+ 0 (sum-n (- 0 1)))))))  (+ 3 (+ 2 (+ 1 (if t 0 (+ 0 (sum-n (- 0 1)))))))  (+ 3 (+ 2 (+ 1 0)))  (+ 3 (+ 2 1)) = (+ 3 3) = 6 31

33. Termination? ACL2 will only accept functions that it can prove terminate for all inputs Does the following always terminate? ;; Given integer n, return 0+1+2+...+n (defunc sum-n (n) :input-contract (integerp n) :output-contract (integerp (sum-n n)) (if (equal n 0) 0 (+ n (sum-n (- n 1))))) 32

34. Termination? Modify the input-contract so that sum-n does terminate for all inputs ;; Given integer n, return 0+1+2+...+n (defunc sum-n (n) :input-contract (integerp n) :output-contract (integerp (sum-n n)) (if (equal n 0) 0 (+ n (sum-n (- n 1))))) 33

35. Termination? Modify the input-contract so that sum-n does terminate for all inputs ;; Given integer n, return 0+1+2+...+n (defunc sum-n (n) :input-contract (natp n) :output-contract (integerp (sum-n n)) (if (equal n 0) 0 (+ n (sum-n (- n 1))))) 34

36. natp ;; Test whether the input is a natural number (integer  0) (defunc natp (a) :input-contract t :output-contract (booleanp (natp a)) (if (integerp a) (or (< 0 a) (equal a 0)) nil)) 35