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AMSTI VOLCANOES
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Volcano Intro Can usually be predicted Clues: increased number of earthquakes, presence of steam & ash, increased amount of sulfur in the air, and bulging sides/top of volcano Accurate predictions save lives & protects property
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Volcanoes Eruptions range from mild to violent Often spew molten rock onto ground & ash into air Can erupt sideways Can occur with earthquake, flash flood, rockfall, and mudflow (Lahar) Can cause tsunami & melts snow/glaciers
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Volcanologist Studies volcano Observes & collects data Collect samples of lava Trained in geology, physics, chemistry, biology, statistics, math, and engineering Fascinated & curious about volcanoes & how they work
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Destructive Results Ash, contaminated water, collapsed roofs, electrical storms, wipe out forests, mudflows, rockfalls, earthquakes, flash flood, ignite fires, tsunami, lightning, storms, landslide, destroy crops, suffocate animals
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Constructive Results Beautiful hot springs, recreation, geothermal energy, produce electricity, enrich soil with minerals, creates gorgeous landscapes
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Magma vs Lava Magma is under ground- Lava is above ground Hot molten rock below surface rises through fractures of crust-can cool & form rock-can spew into land or ocean floor
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Viscosity of Lava Runny lava flows and covers quickly Ricky thick lava oozes slowly Magma can retreat & hardens to form caldera Viscosity measures the resistance of flow, thickness, ease of movement and measures friction
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Hot Spot & Islands Hot spot is are of melting in the mantle Volcanoes form above hot spots If under oceanic crust, forms an island
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Types of Volcanoes Shield: gentle flow, 2 separating plates, sloping sides, wide & flat, flat top, has lava dome, resembles warrior's shield Composite: tall & pointed, snow summits, thick & sticky lava, 2 colliding plates, lava/ash eruptions, symmetrical Cinder Cone: small, explosive shattering eruptions, ooze lava at base, magma cools quickly, bowl shape crater on top, made of pyro clastic material & cinders/rocks
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SHIELD: HAWAII
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COMPOSITE:MT FUJI
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CINDER CONE:
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Rock Cycle
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Igneous Rock Formation: molten rock cools and crystallizes on ground as lava or below ground as magma Examples: Intrusive- Gabbro & Granite; Extrusive-Basalt, Obsidian & Pumice
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Sedimentary Rock Formation: Small pieces of minerals and plants ae compressed into layers – often found near water Examples: Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Coal & Chalk
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Metamorphic Rock Formation: Pressed together by heat & pressure inside Earth’s mantle Examples: Marble, Quartz, Slate & Gneiss
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YELLOWSTONE
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Yellowstone National park in Wyoming & Montana Hottest most active geyser area in world (500+) Most of park sits in an ancient caldera
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Old Faithful Most famous geyser at Yellowstone Erupts every 79 minutes regularly Big tourist attraction Stem & boiling water rocket through the narrowest cracks at the speed of sound
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Geysers Water collected under ground is heated by magma Steam forms, pressure builds & super hot water blasts in the air If combined with cool groundwater, a hot spring will form
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Mt St Helen State of Washington Exploded in 1980 EQ 5.0 collapsed mountain causing landslide 1 billion to s of ash Mudflow & floods killed 63 people Erupted for 6 years
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The End of Catastrophic Events
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