2. MEL 241: Energy Conversion BY P M V Subbarao Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi A First Stage Technology for Human Development through Energy Equipment.

3. A Science Lead to Development of Civilization Raw food eating habits to Micro wave based cooking. Human and animal vehicles to Automobiles. Watching a flying bird to flying like a bird at high speeds. Manual machines to Electric appliances. Living with available seasonal food to eating anything at any time. Spending hours on note book calculations to High speed computing chips. …………… ……………… ………………………

4. Science of Cooking Methods Camp fire Wood Stove Gas Stove Micro Wave

5. Science of Lighting Wick lamp Gas Lamp Electric Lamp

6. Science of Motive Power : Land Horse Cart Steam Wagon Car

7. Science of Motive Power : Sea Man power Ship Steam Engine Ship Steamer

8. Science of Motive Power : Air Propeller aircraft Turbojet Aircraft Supersonic aircraft

9. Albert Einstein`s Opinion A Theory is more impressive –the greater the simplicity of its premises is, –the more different kinds of things it relates, –and the more extended is its area of applicability. Therefore, the deep impression which Classical Thermodynamics made upon me.  It is only physical theory of universal content concerning which I am convinced that,  Within the framework of the applicability of its basic concepts, it will never be overthrown.

10. A Quick Tour from Zero DOF to 4 DOF Technology……….

11. Historical Eras of Technology

12. Technology Vs Power

13. WINDS WIND ENERGY CLOUDS HYDRO ENERGY VEGETATION CHEMICAL ENERGY OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY SOLAR RADIATION THERMAL WAVE VELOCITY RAINS CO 2 + H 2 O PHTOSYNTHESIS SOLAR ENERGY INCOMING RESOURCE FOSSIL FUEL COAL PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS FOSSILIZATION

14. WIND ENERGYWIND MILL MECHANICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY

15. HYDRO ENERGY VELOCITY HEAD ELECTRICAL ENERGY

16. FOSSIL FUELSTHERMAL ENERGY MECHANICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY

17. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY MECHANICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY

18. SOLAR RADIATION THERMAL ENERGY WAVE ENERGY

19. Indian Power Sector : Current Status The total installed capacity of power generation in India including captive generation is close to 125,000 MW. The break-up of the different segments are: –thermal-72%, –hydro-electric-25% and –nuclear - 3%. The capacities from different sources are: –Thermal: 77,730 MW, –Hydro: 27,010 MW, –Nuclear: 2,720 MW and –Wind: 1,870 MW, –totalling to 108,930 MW. Today over half a million villages (85%) have power as compared to 3,061 electrified villages in 1950.

20. Industrial Transport Domestic

22. World Energy Consumption

28. Indian Power Sector : Future Plans The Union Power Ministry has set a target of creating additional 41,000 MW of capacity in the Tenth Plan period (2002-07), –of which 22,500 MW is the target for the central sector. About 4,227 MW is expected from renewable sources. The total plan outlay is Rs 102.9 billion ($2.2 billion). This amount is to be raised through –domestic budgetary support of Rs 66.55 billion ($1.2 billion), –externally funded projects of Rs 4.6 billion, and – internal and external budgetary support of Rs 31.67 billion. According to a recent review of the performance in the first two years of the 10th Plan, 6800 MW of capacity has already been commissioned and another 27500 MW is under execution. The Power Ministry hopes to exceed the target of adding 41,000 MW in the 10th plan.

29. National Development : Energy Conversion Systems

30. COURSE INTRODUCTION Overview of energy conversion (3 Hours) Energy -- Definition -- Origin of energy -- Energy Cycle -- Supply and demand of energy -- National Scene. Energy conversion -- Meaning -- Theoretical and practical requirements -- Elements of a Generalized Energy Conversion System -- Classification of Energy conversion systems -- Efficiency -- Sources of energy -- Classification -- Alternate sources of energy.

31. Analysis of Power Generation Cycles Recapitulation of Basic Rankine cycle -- Effect of super heat and reheating -- Numerical examples -- Regeneration feed water heaters -- T-s diagrams. Gas Power Cycles -- ideal cycles -- performance parameters -- Imperfections in the actual plant -- concept of mean temperatures of heat reception and rejection -- reheating – inter cooling -- regeneration. The ideal super-regenerative steam cycle -- the Field cycle -- performance parameters -- Combined Gas--steam plant -- Binary vapour cycles -- power cycles for waste heat recovery. Aircraft propulsion cycles -- criteria for performance -- Turbojet cycle -- the turbo fan -- the turboprop -- Thrust augmentation.

32. Physical Chemistry for Energy Conversion Fuels 2 Hours Classification of fuels -- Solid, liquid and gaseous fuels -- Chemical analysis and composition of fuels -- Characteristics of fuels -- Energy content or Calorific value. Combustion 4 Hours Stoichiometric combustion and air fuel ratio -- Exhaust gas analysis -- Effect of excess air and dew point -- Numerical examples of compositional analysis of fuels. Energy release during combustion -- First law analysis for closed and open systems -- Heat of reaction -- Use of tables -- Adiabatic flame temperature -- Constant volume and constant pressure processes. Burners, furnaces, etc. Combustion Methods and Systems 2 Hours Description of Gas-fired systems, Oil-fired systems and Coal- fired systems -- Design and selection of components.

33. Steam Generator 2 Hours General -- Boiler types and classification -- Details of construction -- Primary boiler heat transfer surfaces -- Secondary boiler heat transfer surfaces -- Boiler ratings and performance. Production of Mechanical Energy 1 Hour Concept of Fluid Machine -- classification -- applications -- current developments. Principles of operation of fluid machines. Working principles of a nozzle and turbine. Steam nozzle 2 Hours Shape -- Critical pressure ratio -- Maximum mass flow or choked flow -- nozzle efficiency - - Approximations for the steam nozzle -- super saturation.

34. Turbines 5 Hours Classification – Working Fluid -- Impulse and reaction principles -- The impulse turbine -- Pressure and velocity compounding -- Blade profiles and velocity triangles -- Turbine blade height -- Impulse-reaction turbine -- Losses in steam turbine -- stage efficiency -- overall efficiency -- Reheat factor -- The condition curve -- Turbine governing and control -- The radial flow turbine. Steam Condenser 2 Hours Condensers -- Operation and design -- Air pump for condenser -- Sizing calculations -- Cooling towers. Accessories in Steam Power Plant 1 Hour Air, fuel and steam circuits -- Economizers and air pre-heaters -- precipitators -- chimneys.