1. China 1900-Present

2. Aim: How have different kinds of political leadership affected China’s development? Vocabulary: communes, quotas, Great Leap Forward, Little Red Book,

3. Nationalist Leaders in China Sun Yat-sen served as president of the New Republic in 1911. He helped to form the Guomindang, or the Nationalist Party. He laid out his goals for China in The Three Principals of the People. Chiang Kai Shek succeeded him but was forced to flee to Taiwan when the Communists took over China- ruled the island for 26 years Sun Yat-senChiang Kai Shek

4. Three Principles of the People Nationalism- unite people against foreign interests Socialism- greater economic equality (i.e. redistribution of land) Democracy- to have the Chinese plan their own future

5. May 4 th Movement 1919 Well-educated intellectuals led this movement Called for Westernization, democracy, nationalism Women wanted to end traditional practices

6. The Civil War In the 1930s Japan invaded Manchuria and attempted to take over all of China The Communists joined with the Soviets to fight the Japanese At the same time, the communists were rivals of the Guomindang

7. Chinese Political Opponents-1945 Nationalists Chiang Kai-shek Southern China United States Defeat Communism Weak (bad economy) Ineffective, corrupt leadership, poor morale Communists Mao Zedong Northern China Soviet Union National Liberation Strong (land reform) Motivated and experienced guerrilla army LEADER AREA RULED FOREIGN SUPPORT DOMESTIC POLICY PUBLIC SUPPORT MILITARY ORGANIZATION Q: Why do you think the Communists were able to win the support of the peasants?

8. Mao’s Social Reforms Replaced Confucian and traditional beliefs with Communist ideology Mao’s government did away with the old landlord and business classes Peasants and workers were lauded as the builders of a new China Mao reformed education, making Chinese characters simpler. Schools were opened for the young and old where they learned to praise Mao Zedong. Health care workers were sent to rural areas to reduce disease Women won more equality, but not full equality How did Mao’s reforms differ from traditional Confucian beliefs?

9. Mao’s Political Reforms Established a one- party, communist, totalitarian state Mao and the Communists claimed to have the “Mandate of Heaven” and used this as justification to rule. Q: Why do you think Mao claimed to have the “Mandate of Heaven?”

10. Mao’s Economic Reforms The Great Leap Forward (1958) was intended to increase agricultural and industrial output Mao established communes included several villages, thousands of acres of land, and up to 25,000 people. They were self-sufficient units. Each commune had to meet a quota for production. Communes also had labor brigades to build dams and irrigation systems. Communes produced steel and other products as well.

11. “The Great Leap Backward” Backyard industries turned out low-quality and useless goods Communes slowed food output Bad weather also led to a famine Between 1959 and 1961 about 30 million Chinese starved to death

12. Praise of Mao’s China “Labor is joy, how joyful is it? Bathed in sweat and two hands full of mud, Like sweet rain, my sweat waters the land And the land issues scent, Better than milk.” Yuan Keijia (poet)

13. The Cultural Revolution The goal was to purge China of “bourgeois” or nonrevolutionaries Teenagers formed bands of Red Guards who attacked those believed to be counterrevolutionaries Mao’s Little Red Book was carried around by the Red Guards.

14. Quotes from Mao’s Little Red Book “In order to build a great socialist society, it is of the utmost importance to arouse the broad masses of women to join in productive activity. Men and women must receive equal pay for equal work in production. Genuine equality between the sexes can only be realized in the process of the socialist transformation of society as a whole.” “Every Communist must grasp the truth, ‘Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun’."

15. U.S.-Chinese Relations After Chiang kai-shek fled to Taiwan the U.S. continued to support the nationalists and refused to recognize the “People’s Republic of China” (“Red China”) 1971 China won admission to the United Nations Richard Nixon visited China the next year and this led to improved relations between the U.S. and China

16. UNEASY ALLIES China Mao relied on peasants, not factory workers, to lead the revolution Mao thought the Soviets were too conservative and accused them of being too willing to “coexist” with capitalist powers Soviet Union Marx had predicted factory workers would lead the revolution Stalin rejected Mao’s views Both vied for influence in the Third World and had a history of border disputes along the Amur River. In 1960 border clashes resulted in Soviets withdrawing all aid and advisors from China

17. Deng Xiaoping Mao died in 1976 and was succeeded by more moderate leaders Deng Xiaoping set out to modernize China. Four Modernizations: Agriculture, Industry, Science, and Defense Included some private property and free market policies, resulting in a surge of economic growth and a higher standard of living

18. Tiananmen Square Deng was not willing to compromise when it came to the government’s tight control Students protested in Tiananmen Square in May of 1989, demanding freedom and democracy Troops and tanks crushed the demonstrations

19. TIANANMEN SQUARE 1989 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SACHK -W4o1E

20. Q: Deng Xiaoping died in 1997. Do you think that Deng Xiaoping should be remembered favorably by the Chinese? Why or why not?

21. POLITICAL CARTOONS I just saw the funniest cartoons in Mrs. Sherman’s class!!

22. CARTOON ANALYSIS Identify the W’s Who What Why Where When

29. China today Hu Jintao (president until March 2013) He was the head of the communist party. He also heads all three branches of government Hu Jintao expressed no interest in Western-style democratic reforms He was said to have believed in "yi ren wei ben", or putting people first Hu Jintao was a protégé of Deng Xiaoping Hu Jintao warned about the use of force in Taiwan President now is President XI Jinping bbc news

30. Change over Time Discuss the political, social, and economic changes and continuities of China from 1900-Present.