1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

2. Fig. 26-2 Why are humans more closely related to mushrooms than plants?

3. Fig. 26-3 Which level contains species with the most traits in common and are therefore more closely related? Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia ArchaeaDomain: Eukarya Bacteria

4. Fig. 26-4 Indicate by writing a number 1 on this figure the common ancestor of the Mustelidae and Canidae families. Species Canis lupus Panthera pardus Taxidea taxus Lutra lutra Canis latrans OrderFamilyGenus Carnivora Felidae Mustelidae Canidae Canis Lutra Taxidea Panthera

5. Fig. 26-5 Redraw this tree, rotating the branches around branch points 2 and 4. Does your new version tell a different story about the evolutionary relationships between the taxa? Sister taxa ANCESTRAL LINEAGE Taxon A Polytomy Common ancestor of taxa A–F Branch point (node) Taxon B Taxon C Taxon D Taxon E Taxon F 4 2

6. Fig. 26-7 Explain why these analogous structures are a result of convergent and not divergent evolution.

7. Fig. 26-8b The two sequences denoted in 3 are not identical. What must computer models take into account before lining up sequences for comparison? 3 4

8. Fig. 26-9 Why might you expect organisms that are not closely related to nevertheless share roughly 25% of their bases?

9. Fig. 26-10 Match up the description of the group with the appropriate image. Consists of one ancestral species Consists of more than oneConsists of one ancestral species and all its descendants. ancestral species. but not all its descendants A A A BBB CCC D D D EEE FF F G GG Group III Group II Group I (a) Monophyletic group (clade) (b) Paraphyletic group (c) Polyphyletic group

10. Fig. 26-11a Based upon the data provided, construct a phylogenetic tree. TAXA Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Salamander Leopard Turtle Tuna Vertebral column (backbone) Hinged jaws Four walking legs Amniotic (shelled) egg CHARACTERS Hair (a) Character table 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 1 1 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1

11. Fig. 26-12 In which vertebrate lineage has the studied gene evolved most rapidly? Explain. Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Human Chicken Mouse

12. Fig. 26-15-2 How does the sequence of the ancestral species change to produce the first tree? Second? Third? Species I Site Species II Species III I II III I I II III Ancestral sequence 4 321 C C C C T T T T T TA AA A G G

13. Fig. 26-15-3 How does the sequence for the ancestral species change to produce the first tree? Second? Third? Species I Site Species II Species III I II III I I II III Ancestral sequence 1/C 4 321 C C C C T T T T T TA AA A G G I I I II III

14. Fig. 26-15-4 To identify the most parsimonious tree, total all the base change events and record that value in the blank space below. Which tree is the most parsimonious and explain why. Species I Site Species II Species III I II III I I II III Ancestral sequence 1/C 4 321 C C C C T T T T T TA AA A G G I I I II III 3/A 2/T 4/C I I I II III ______ events _____ events

15. Fig. 26-16 What makes a phylogenetic tree a working hypothesis of evolutionary relationships? What can cause scientists to modify the phylogenetic tree? Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Birds Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Ornithischian dinosaurs Saurischian dinosaurs

16. Fig. 26-17 How can scientists use fossils to support phylogenetic predictions about behavior? Eggs Front limb Hind limb (a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs (b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture

17. Fig. 26-19 Use the clock to estimate the divergence time for a mammal with a total of 30 mutations in the seven proteins. Divergence time (millions of years) Number of mutations 120 90 60 30 0 0

18. Fig. 26-20 Based upon the data collected from 1959 to the present day, when did the HIV-1 M strain first spread to humans? What is this method of obtaining the value called? Year Index of base changes between HIV sequences 1960 0.20 194019201900 0 19802000 0.15 0.10 0.05 Range Computer model of HIV

19. Fig. 26-21 Based on this diagram, which domain was the first to diverge? Which is the sister domain to Eukarya? Fungi EUKARYA Trypanosomes Green algae Land plants Red algae Forams Ciliates Dinoflagellates Diatoms Animals Amoebas Cellular slime molds Leishmania Euglena Green nonsulfur bacteria Thermophiles Halophiles Methanobacterium Sulfolobus ARCHAEA COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE BACTERIA (Plastids, including chloroplasts) Green sulfur bacteria (Mitochondrion) Cyanobacteria Chlamydia Spirochetes

20. Fig. 26-22 Use the endosymbiotic theory to explain the gene transfer at sites 2 and 3. 3 Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Billions of years ago 4 21 0 2 3