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Memory & Learning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo4pMVb0R6M
AP Psychology
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Discuss the following:
Why do you think you can remember certain events in your life over others? First memory Most embarrassing moment A time you got in trouble
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Meaningfulness in Long Term Memory
Use a sheet of scratch paper View the list for 1 minute Write down as many items from the list as you can recall (any order)
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List 1: 1 minute to view POJ TUS MIK FAL LUT SIW QUP YUT TIB LOR REC
WOT NIR BIP YER
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2 minutes List as many items as you can recall from list 1
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List 2: 1 minute to view TOY HAM TUB RIB BOX TON PIG SAG APE PIN HUB
ANT TAG FOX GAL
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2 minutes List as many items as you can recall from list 2
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List 3: 1 minute to view BOY GIRL HOT DOG SUN SAND BEACH WARM SWIM
WAVES WATER BOAT GULL FLY SKY
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2 minutes List as many items as you can recall from list 3
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Class Discussion Why were you able to remember more items from list 2 and 3 than list 1? List 2 = the words have meaning as opposed to nonsense syllables in list 1 List 3 = words have meaning AND they are semantically similar by being associated with a beach scene Those who remembered the most words on list 3 = probably engaged in “elaborative rehearsal” A memorization method that involves thinking about how new information relates to info already stored in long-term memory
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Memory Memory as Information Processing similar to a computer
write to file save to disk read from disk Encoding processing of info into the memory system Acoustic, Visual, & Semantic Encoding Storage retention of encoded information over time Retrieval process of getting info out of memory
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Encoding
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3 Types of Memory Episodic – specific events in your life
Semantic – generalized knowledge of the world that does not involve a specific event Procedural (skill memory) – knowledge of how to perform a physical task
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Explicit v. Implicit Memory
Explicit– used to deliberately remember something Implicit– unintentional influence of prior experiences
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Storing New Memories Sensory Memory initial recording of sensory info
holds info for fraction of a second Working Memory focuses more on processing of briefly stored information allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in our memory Try This: How many windows are on the front of your house or apartment building? What did you do to remember this?
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Immediate Memory Span Activity 7.5
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Storing New Memories Short-Term Memory (STM) holds a few items briefly
disappears in seconds w/o further processing George Miller’s Immediate memory span = 7 + or - 2 Long-Term Memory (LTM) relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
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Storing New Memories Chunking
organizing into familiar, manageable units like horizontal organization often occurs automatically EX = acronyms HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
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Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Recall retrieve information learned earlier ex = essay test Recognition identify items previously learned Ex = multiple-choice test
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Instinctual Retrieval Cues
déjà vu -- cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience Mood-congruent Memory emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues State-dependent what is learned in one state (while one is sober, drunk, in a certain location, etc.) can more easily be remembered when in same state Context Dependent Location, setting
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Forgetting Forgetting = encoding failure
Information never enters the long-term memory External events Sensory memory Short- term Long- Attention Encoding failure leads to forgetting
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Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure
Which penny is the real thing?
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Retrieval Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory External events Attention Encoding Retrieval failure leads to forgetting Retrieval Sensory memory Short-term Long-term
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Forgetting- Interference
Motivated Forgetting unknowingly revise memories Repression defense mechanism banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Memory Construction We filter info and fill in missing pieces
Misinformation Effect incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Memory Construction Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned
Depiction of actual accident Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Memory construction Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned
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Memory Construction Memory Activity 7.9
Elizabeth Loftus TED Talk
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Improve Your Memory Distributed instead of Massed Practice
Study repeatedly to boost recall Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material Make material personally meaningful Use mnemonic devices associate with peg words--something already stored Method of Loci chunk--acronyms
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