1. AP Chapter 25 The Consolidation of Latin America

2. Form Colonies to Nations 1)The French Revolution set in motion the independence movement in Central and South America 2)Creoles (elites of American born whites) expressed a growing self-consciousness as they began questioning the policies of Spain and Portugal

3. Continued 3.) Heavy new taxes and administrative reforms of the 18 th century increased the dissatisfaction of the majority of the population

4. Causes of Political Change 1.) Four external events had a particularly strong impact of political thought in Latin America a)The American Revolution provided a model of how colonies could break away from the mother country

5. Continued b.) The French Revolution provoked interest in Latin America with its slogan, “liberty, equality, and fraternity”, which appealed to some sectors of the population

6. Continued c.) The slave revolt of St. Domingue and eventual founding of Haiti by the slaves was considered a model to be avoided. This revolt was led by Toussaint L ’Overture

7. Continued d.) The French Iberian campaign caused confusion of who was ruling for Spain and Portugal. In the Colonies military juntas were set-up. A crisis of legitimacy reverberated throughout the American Colonies

8. Spanish American Independence Struggles 1)In Mexico, Father Miguel de Hidalgo called for help from the American Indians and Mestizos of his region to overthrow the military junta

9. Continued 2.) In September 1821, Mexico was claimed as an Empire with Augustine de Iturbideits became its Emperor 3.) In northern South America, Simon Bolivar won a series of victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822

10. Continued 4.) In southern South America, Jose de San Martin led a revolutionary movement in the Rio de la Plata 5.) By 1825, all of Spanish South America had gained its political independence

11. Brazilian Independence 1.When Napoleon invaded the Iberian peninsula the entire royal family of Portugal escaped, with British help, to Brazil 2.For Britain’s aide, the ports of Brazil were opened to world commerce, thus satisfying one of the main desires of the Brazilian elites 3.The transfer of the royal court brought government closer and reinforced the colonial relationship

12. Continued 4.) Until 1820 the Portuguese King, Dom Joao VI ruled Portugal and Brazil from Brazil 5.) After Napoleon’s defeat, Dom Joao VI returned to Portugal and left his son Pedro in charge in Brazil 6.)When Pedro I was recalled to Portugal he refused and he became, Pedro I the constitutional Emperor of Brazil

13. Continued 7.) Brazil became a monarchy under a member of the Portuguese ruling house

14. New Nations Confront Old and New Problems 1)By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations 2)By 1854, slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s remaining colonies of Puerto Rico and Cuba as well as in Brazil 3)An end to American Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much more slowly, because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies produced

15. Political Fragmentation 1)Regional rivalries, economic competition, and political divisions made unification of South and Central America impossible 2)Mexico remained unstable because of military coups, financial failures, foreign intervention, and political intervention 3)Central America formed a union but regional antagonisms and resentment of Guatemala eventually led to dissolution of the union in 1838

16. Continued 4.) In South America the old viceroyalty of New Granada became the basis for Gran Columbia (included modern Ecuador, Columbia, Panama, and Venezuela) 5.) The viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata served as the basis for a state that the peoples of Argentina hoped to lead 6.) Paraguay declared its autonomy under a series of dictators

17. Gran Columbia

18. Continued 7.) Uruguay was formed by a revolution for independence against Brazil and Argentina (1828) 8.) Peru and Bolivia considered uniting but regional rivalries and fears of their neighbors undermined their effort 9.) Chile followed its own course in a fairly stable fashion

19. Caudillos, Politics, and the Church 1.Caudillos were independent leaders who dominated local areas by force and sometimes seized the national government itself 2.Military commanders and regional or national caudillos usually were interested in power for their own sake, but they could represent or mobilize different groups in society

20. Continued 3.) Most political leaders agreed that the basic form of government should be a republic but what kind of republic? 4.) A struggle often developed between centralist, who wanted to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers and federalist, who wanted tax and commercial policies to be set by regional governments

21. Continued 5.) Tensions occurred between liberals and conservatives 6.) Liberals stressed the rights of the individual and attacked the corporate (based on membership in a group or organization) structure of colonial society 7.) Conservatives usually believed in a strong centralized state, and they often wanted to maintain aspects of colonial society

22. Continued 8.) To the conservatives, society was not based on open competition and individualism but was organic 9.) As a group conservatives were skeptical of secularism and individualism and strove to keep the Catholic Iberian heritage alive 10.) It is fair to say that in much of Latin America the basic questions of government and society remained unresolved after independence

23. Latin American Economies and World markets, 1820-1870 1.) The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 stated clearly that any attempt by a European power to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the united States 2.) The United States could not enforce the Monroe Doctrine at this time

24. Continued 3.) Britain had legally penetrated Latin America in the 18 th century and now it could afford to offer its diplomatic recognition in exchange for the freedom to trade with the new nations 4.) Before 1850, little capital had been invested directly in Latin America 5.) Britain became a major consumer of Latin American products

25. Continued 6.) In some ways, Britain replaced Spain as a dominant economic force over the area in a sort of neocolonial commercial system 7.) Latin America became increasingly dependent on foreign markets and foreign imports and thereby reinforced the old colonial economic heritage in which land was the basis of wealth and prestige

26. Mid-Century Stagnation 1)From about 1820 to 1850, the economy of Latin America was stagnant due to wars having destroyed many industries, roads were poor and much money was still tied up in land 2)After 1850 expansion of the European economy created demands of Latin American products

27. Continued 3.) Latin American cities began to grow and provide good internal markets and the introduction of steamships and railroads began to overcome the problem of transportation 4.) Landed wealth and exports continued to characterize the economies of the region, as they had in the colonial era

28. Economic Resurgence and Liberals Politics 1.Based on the ideas of positivism of the French philosopher Auguste Comte, Latin American liberals stressed observation and a scientific approach to the problems of society 2.The approach of science to industry created new demands for Latin American products, such as copper and rubber

29. Auguste Comte

30. Continued 3.After 1850, economies grew rapidly 4.Foreign entrepreneurs and bankers joined hands with philosophical liberals, landowners, and urban merchants in Latin America to back the liberal programs

31. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

32. Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention 1.For a short period from 1832 to 1835, the liberals were in control and tried to institute a series of sweeping social and economic reforms, but their attack on the church led to violent reaction and the assumption of power by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 2.Texas will gain its independence from Mexico and in 1845, Texas becomes a state when the United States pushes for Manifest Destiny, attempting to wrest California from Mexico

33. Manifest Destiny

34. Continued 3.In the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo the United States will acquire one-half of Mexico’s national territory 4.The Mexican-American War will leave a bitter legacy of distrust between the two countries 5.The war will help create a sense of Mexican national identity

35. Continued 6.One of the most prominent liberal Mexican politicians was Benito Juarez who had liberal vision of a secular society based on the rule of law in which the old privileged of the church and the army would be eliminated as a way of promoting economic change and growth 7.A liberal revolt, called La Reforma began in 1854

36. Benito Juarez

37. Continued 8. The attempt for land reform resulted in lands lost to speculators and by 1910, about half of Mexico’s rural population was landless 9.Conservatives ask the French Emperor Napoleon III to intervene and Maximilian von Habsburg becomes the Emperor of Mexico 10.When French forces withdraw from Mexico, Maximilian’s forces fold and he and his generals are executed in 1867

38. Maximilian von Habsburg

39. Continued 11. Benito Juarez will be replaced by Porfirio Diaz, who will become president and the virtual dictator

40. Argentina: The Port and the Nation 1.Liberal reforms in Argentina, including freedom of religion produced a similar negative reaction from conservatives and the church. The liberals main sin was conservatives desire to create a strong national government) 2.Centralist (called Unitarians in the Argentine context provoked the reaction of the federalists, who by 1831 had taken power under Juan Manuel de Rosas, who commanded the loyalty of the gaucho employees of the ranchers

41. Continued 3. Rosas proved to be a despotic leader 4.In 1852, liberal exiles joined forces with the caudillos 5. Rosas proved to be a despotic leader 6. In 1862, after considerable fighting, a compromise was worked out and the new, unified nation was now called the Argentine Republic, entered into a period of prosperity and growth under a series of liberal presidents whose programs paralleled the Reforma in Mexico

42. Continued 7.Domingo F. Sarmiento (1811-1888) was a firm admirer of England and the United States, that believed in the value of education, and an ardent supporter of progress 8.He wrote Facundo, a critique of the caudillo politics of the region, in which the “barbarism” of the gauchos and their leaders was contrasted to the “civilization” of the liberal reformers 9.By 1890, Argentina seemed to represent the achievement of a liberal program for Latin America

43. Domingo F. Sarmiento

44. The Brazilian Empire 1.Brazilian independence had been declared in 1822, and by 1824 a liberal constitution had been issued by Dom Pedro I 2.In 1831, Dom Pedro I was forced to abdicate in favor of his young son, Pedro (later to become Dom Pedro II), but the boy was too young to rule and a series of regents directed the country in his name

45. Continued 3. What followed was an experiment in republican government, although the façade of monarchy was maintained 4. The development of fazendas or coffee estates from 1840-1880, intensified the use of slavery 5. Though pressured by England to end slavery, it was not finally abolished until 1888

46. Continued 6.Between 1850 and 1875, more than two-thirds of them went to work in the coffee estates, which lessened the dependence on slavery 7.In 1888, Brazil became the last nation in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery 8.In 1889, a nearly bloodless military coup deposed the emperor and established a republic under military men strongly influenced by positivist intellectuals and Republican politicians

47. Pedro II of Brazil

48. Societies in Search of Themselves 1.Cultural Expression After Independence a)Through the 1800s, Latin American nations began to romanticize their independence through identifying with idealized views such as the freedom of the gauchos or the nobility of the Native Americans b)By the 1870s, writers began to write about the corruption, prejudice and greed

49. Continued c.More and more the elites identified with European culture, especially the French 2.Old Patterns of Gender, Class and Race a.Women gained little ground during most of the 1800s

50. Continued b.After independence, there was almost no change in the predominate attitudes toward women’s proper role which was, they were expected to be wives and mothers, women could not vote, hold public office, become lawyers, or in some places testify in a court of law c.Unmarried women younger than 25 remained under the power and authority of their fathers

51. Continued d.Lower-class women had more economic freedom and also more personal freedom than elite women under the constraints of powerful families e.The one area in which the situation of women began to change significantly was public education f.At first, the idea of education for girls and women were responsible for educating their children

52. Continued g.Once public education is advocated, new jobs open for women as teachers h.Though the old society of castas was legally ended in continued in fact causing unrest in its wake i.Latin America began the 1880s, as a group of predominantly agrarian nations with rigid social structures and a continuing dependency on the world market

53. The Great Boom, 1880-1920 1.The expansion of Latin American economics was led by exports 2.Each nation had specialty export products (tobacco and sugar from Cuba and rubber and coffee from Brazil, etc.) 3.These markets were particularly vulnerable and in some ways dependent on the world market

54. Continued 4.Export-led expansion could result in rivalry, hostility, and even war between neighboring countries (“fertilizer war”) 5.Foreign investment in Latin America became a competition led by Britain but challenged by the French, Germans and North America 6.Foreign investment constrained Latin American governments in their social, commercial, and diplomatic policies

55. Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation 1.Porfirio Diaz (in Mexico) suppressed regional rebellions and imposed a strong centralized government 2.Foreign investment was encouraged as industrialization began to take place 3.Cientifios (advisors who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas and who wanted to impose a scientific approach on the national economy) set the tone for Mexico while government suppressed any political opposition to these policies

56. Continued 4.Economic expansion at the expense of peasants and American Indian communal lands created a volatile situation 5.After 35 years of Diaz’s strong armed tactics and a 10 year civil war (the Mexican Revolution) would erupt 6.Technological changes contributed to Argentine prosperity (refrigeration)

57. Continued 7.Massive immigration resulted in a fusion of cultures that produced a radical workers movement 8.Immigrant workers began seeking political expression by forming a Socialist Party 9.In 1912 an electoral law called for secret ballots, universal male suffrage, and compulsory voting

58. CONTINUED 10.This brought on the Radical Party promising political reform and more liberal policies for workers in 1916 but it acted as repressively as its predecessors 11.Argentina’s economy remained closely tied to the international market for its exports

59. Uncle Sam Goes South 1.The war between Spain and the United States (Spanish-American War) gave the United States, Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines as territories 2.The United States backed a Panamanian Movement for independence (from Columbia) and then signed a treaty with its representatives that granted the United States extensive rights over the Panama Canal

60. Panama Canal