1. History 17C The American People, World War I to the Present

2. The Civil Rights Movement

3. Themes: From 1960 to 1965, the Civil Rights Movement won its most substantial gains, amounting to the elimination of formal (as opposed to informal) racial discrimination from American society

4. Themes: Yet at the very moment this historic victory was at hand, many veterans of the Movement were more discouraged than ever, feeling hopelessly distant from the goal of a racially just society

5. Persistence of de facto discrimination; ongoing poverty, family breakdown, and urban despair Reasons for discouragement:

6. Success of nonviolent strategy—a paradox Reasons for discouragement:

8. The “Sit-In” Movement, 1960 Greensboro, NC

9. Nashville, TN The “Sit-In” Movement, 1960

10. John Lewis

11. A 1963 sit-in in Jackson, MS

12. Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Designed to dramatize the inhumanity of segregation

13. “The Beloved Community”

14. Boycotts of National Chain Stores, 1960

15. Southern Christian Leadership Conference Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

16. Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Designed to dramatize the inhumanity of segregation

17. Anti-Civil Rights violence was so brutal that many Civil Rights activists lost faith in integration Paradox of success:

18. Anti-Civil Rights violence was so brutal that many Civil Rights activists lost faith in integration Paradox of success:

19. Anti-Civil Rights violence was so brutal that many Civil Rights activists lost faith in integration Paradox of success:

20. Segregation in public transportation

21. 1960—In Boynton v. Virginia Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in interstate public transportation

22. President John F. Kennedy initially failed to enforce ruling

23. Freedom Rides, 1961 Challenging segregation in Southern bus stations

24. Freedom Rides, 1961

25. Firebombing of bus in Anniston, AL Freedom Rides, 1961

26. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover

27. Freedom Rides, 1961 John Lewis

28. Freedom Rides, 1961

29. John Lewis and James Zwerg after being beaten by mobs in Montgomery, AL Freedom Rides, 1961

30. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy

31. Freedom Rides, 1961

33. John Lewis

34. September 1961—JFK instructed Interstate Commerce Commission to prohibit discrimination in interstate transit facilities throughout US

35. Rift between SNCC and Martin Luther King

36. Birmingham Campaign Spring-Summer 1963

38. Police Commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor

39. Governor George Wallace

40. A. G. Gaston

41. MLK’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

42. “The Children’s Crusade”

44. June 11, 1963—JFK addressed nation and spoke of Civil Rights as moral issue

45. Days later, he introduced legislation to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations June 11, 1963—JFK addressed nation and spoke of Civil Rights as moral issue

46. March on Washington, August 1963

47. A. Philip Randolph

48. March on Washington, August 1963 John Lewis

49. March on Washington, August 1963 John Lewis A. Philip Randolph

50. March on Washington, August 1963 John Lewis

51. Murder of Medgar Evers, June 1963

52. Bombing of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, September 1963

53. Malcolm X

54. Elijah Muhammad Malcolm Little

55. FBI Wiretaps on King Robert F. Kennedy J. Edgar Hoover

56. Blackmail letter, November 1964 FBI harassment of King

59. November 22, 1963—Kennedy assassinated

60. Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1969

61. Civil Rights Act of 1964

62. LBJ and the Great Society

65. Murders of Andrew Goodman James Chaney Michael Schwerner “Freedom Summer,” 1964

66. Selma Campaign Early 1965

67. Sheriff James Clark

68. Selma Campaign Early 1965 Killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson

69. Planned march from Selma to Montgomery

72. John Lewis Hosea Williams

73. Edmund Pettus Bridge, Selma, AL

74. “Bloody Sunday,” March 7, 1965

75. LBJ and MLK

78. Selma Campaign Early 1965 Killing of James Reeb

79. Selma Campaign Early 1965 Killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson