2. The discovery of X-rays instantly revolutionized the field of physics and medicine. Experimentation with radioactivity resulted in injury to early scientists. Practitioners suggested a variety of safety rules. Health Physics coined as a term in the early 1940s during the Manhattan Project. HPT001.002 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-1 History and Philosophy of Health Physics 18

3. Pioneers in Radiation Research Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923) Discovered X-rays in 1895 Received the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901 HPT001.00 2 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-2 Radiograph of Frau Röntgen's hand 19

4. Röngten’s Tools of the Trade HPT001.002 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-3 20

5. Röngten’s Due Recognition HPT001.002 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-4 21

6. Pioneers in Radiation Research Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852- 1908) discovered natural radioactivity in 1896 noted differences between X-rays and other radiation types HPT001.00 2 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-5 22

7. Pioneers in Radiation Research Pierre Curie (1859- 1906) Marie Curie (1867- 1934) Coined the term radioactivity Discovered Radium and Polonium HPT001.00 2 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-6 23

8. Pioneers in Radiation Research Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) named alpha, beta, and proton particles used the exponential equation to calculate decay related decay to half- life HPT001.00 2 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-7 24

9. Radiation Injuries Dally becomes first U.S. casualty Edison quits rad work in his lab 1915 - British Röntgen Society takes action to improve safety HPT001.00 2 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-8 "...placing [his hand] between the fluoroscope and the X-ray tube...." 25

10. New York World Monday, August 3, 1903 "Don't talk to me about X-rays," he said. "I am afraid of them. I stopped experimenting with them two years ago, when I came near to losing my eyesight and Dally, my assistant practically lost the use of both of his arms. I am afraid of radium and polonium too, and I don't want to monkey with them. " HPT001.00 2 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-9 26

11. American Journal of Clinical Medicine Dr. C. G. Davis noted that “Radioactivity prevents insanity, rouses noble emotions, retards old age, and creates a splendid youthful joyous life.” HPT001.00 2 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-10 27

12. Revigator (ca. 1920) Users were provided the following instructions: 1. Fill jar every night. 2. Use hydrant or any good water. 3. Drink freely when thirsty and upon arising and retiring. Average six or more glasses daily. HPT001.00 2 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-11 28

13. Radithor (ca. 1928) Triple distilled water guaranteed to contain at least 1 microcurie each of Ra-226 and Ra-228. linked to Eben Byers death at age 51. teeth fell out; holes appeared in his skull. HPT001.00 2 Revision 2 Page of 29 TP-12 29