1. Nursing Process n116

2. The Nursing Process  Assessment  Diagnosis  Planning  Implementing  Evaluating

4. assess  Gather information about client’s condition

5. diagnose  Identify the client’s problem

6. plan  Set goals of care and desired outcomes and identify appropriate nursing actions

7. implement  Perform the nursing actions identified in planning

8. evaluate  Determine if goals are met and outcomes achieved

9. Assessment

10.  Deliberate and systematic collection of data  Primary source (client) and secondary source (family, chart, other clinicians)  Analysis of data to identify problems and plan care

11. Assessment  Critical thinking:  lets you see the big picture  lets you prioritize assessment  Includes:  physical, emotional, mental, spiritual status of client

12. Assessment  Functional health patterns table 16-1  Subjective data: interview and nurse history  Objective data: physical assessment, lab and radiology data, observation of behavior  Analyze and interpret data

13. assessment  Validate findings with client, medical record, family  Validating clarifies vague or unclear data  Determine if further assessment is necessary…is more information needed to reach a logical conclusion?

14. Assessment  Steps of data analysis:  1. recognize a pattern or trends  2. compare with normal standards  3. make a reasonable conclusion

15. Diagnosis

16.  Problems treated primarily by nurses (nursing diagnoses)  Problems requiring treatment by several disciplines (collaborative problems)  Represent a range of human conditions that require nursing care

17. Diagnosis  Medical diagnosis identification of a disease condition based on specific evaluation of a physical sign, symptom, history, results of tests and procedures.  Nursing diagnosis clinical judgment about the client responses to actual or potential health problems or life processes. The human response that the nurse is licensed and competent to treat.

18. diagnosis  Nursing diagnoses are the basis for selecting interventions  Emphasize nursing’s independent practice  Defines role of nursing as separate from but collaborative with medicine  North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) approves and revises

19. diagnosis  Precise definitions  Enhances communication  Helps nurses focus on scope of practice  Fosters development of nursing knowledge

20. diagnosis  Critical thinking…  Clusters and patterns of data contain defining characteristics  table 17-2  Use accepted norms for comparison and judgment

21. diagnosis  Actual  Risk  Health promotion  Wellness

22. Diagnosis components  Diagnostic label: NANDA approved name  Related factors: condition or etiology identified from assessment data. The condition responds to nursing interventions  pathophysiological, treatment related,  situational, maturational  Support of Diagnostic statement

23. diagnosis  Do not use the medical diagnosis as the etiology of the nursing diagnosis  Diagnoses are client centered, not nurse centered.  Identify the problem, not the goal  Don’t use circular language  Identity only one client problem in each diagnostic statement

24. diagnosis  Acute pain, related to swelling and pressure on nerves, as evidenced by verbal report of pain 8/10, grimacing, self- limiting movement.  Acute pain, related to fractured arm, as evidenced by cast on arm.

25. Diagnosis  Nutrition, more than body requirements, related to insufficient knowledge about caloric value of foods, as evidenced by BMI of 30 and food diary indicating large consumption of soda  Nutrition, more than body requirements, related to obesity, as evidenced by obesity

26. diagnosis  Risk for infection related to exposure to pathogens via break in skin integrity  Risk for infection related to fevers

27. diagnosis  Ineffective coping, related to lack of family support and learned coping mechanisms, as evidenced by self-report of sleeplessness, disheveled appearance, job absentseeism  Ineffective coping, related to nurse not having time to talk to patient, as evidenced by high patient load

28. Diagnosis  Errors in data collecting  Errors in data interpretation  Errors in data clustering  Errors in Diagnostic Statement