1. Introduction to Causation

3. If there be any relation among objects which it imports to us to know perfectly, it is that of cause and effect. On this are founded all our reasoning concerning matter of fact or existence… Hume, Enquiry

5. For any events c and e, c is a cause of e only if, and because, _______________.

8. Socrates: What is piety? Euthyphro: Piety is doing as I am doing; that is to say, prosecuting any one who is guilty of murder, sacrilege, or of any similar crime-whether he be your father or mother, or whoever he may be-that makes no difference; and not to prosecute them is impiety…

9. Socrates: I did not ask you to give me two or three examples of piety, but to explain the general idea which makes all pious things to be pious. Do you not recollect that there was one idea which made the impious impious, and the pious pious? Euthyphro: Piety, then, is that which is dear to the gods, and impiety is that which is not dear to them.

10. Socrates: Euthyphro, in thus chastising your father you may very likely be doing what is agreeable to Zeus but disagreeable to Cronos, and … there may be other gods who have similar differences of opinion… [So] upon this view the same things, Euthyphro, will be pious and also impious? Euthyphro: So I should suppose… I should [instead] say that what all the gods love is pious and holy, and the opposite which they all hate, impious.

11. Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?

13. For any events c and e, c is a cause of e only if, and because, _______________.