1. TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS SIXTH EDITION © 2014 Townsend Press John Langan

2. 5 Relationships I

3. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I These two methods are transitions and patterns of organization. Authors use two common methods to show relationships and make their ideas clear.

4. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Two common types of relationships are: Relationships that involve addition Relationships that involve time

5. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions Which item below is easier to read and understand? A. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. A way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. B. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. Another way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back.

6. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I A. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. A way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. B. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. Another way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. You probably found the second item easier to understand. The word Another makes it clear that the writer is adding a second way to lose friends. Transitions

7. B. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. Another way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions Or they can be seen as “bridge” words, carrying the reader across from one idea to the next. Transitions are words or phrases (like another) that show relationships between ideas. They are like signs on the road that guide travelers.

8. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions Two major types of transitions are words that show addition and words that show time.

9. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Addition Here are some common words that show addition: Addition Words Rivers serve as highways for migrating birds. Also, the nearby wetlands provide the birds with places in which to rest and feed. Garlic improves the flavor of many dishes. In addition, it lowers cholesterol, fights heart disease, and kills certain viruses. Examples

10. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time Here are some common words that show time: Time Words While the nurse prepared the needle, I rolled up my sleeve. Then I looked away. During my last semester in college, I spent more time job hunting than I did studying. Examples

11. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time Time Words

12. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time Helpful Tips about Transitions TIP TIP 1Some transition words have the same meaning. For example, also, moreover, and furthermore all mean “in addition.” Authors typically use a variety of transitions to avoid repetition.

13. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time TIP TIP 2In some cases the same word can serve as two different types of transitions, depending on how it is used. For example, the word first may be used as an addition word to show that the author is presenting a series of points, as in the following sentences: For many athletes, life after a sports career is a letdown. First, they are often not prepared for nonathletic careers. In addition, they... First may also be used to signal a time sequence, as in these sentences: A trip to a giant supermarket can be quite frustrating. First, you have trouble finding a parking space close to the store. Then,...

14. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization You have learned that transitions show the relationships between ideas in sentences. In the same way, patterns of organization show the relationships between supporting details in paragraphs, essays, and chapters. Two major patterns of organization are: The list of items pattern (Addition words are often used in this pattern of organization.) The time order pattern (Time words are often used in this pattern of organization.)

15. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization 1 The List of Items Pattern A list of items refers to a series of reasons, examples, or other points that support an idea. The items have no time order, but are listed in whatever order the author prefers.

16. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization See if you can arrange the following sentences in a logical order. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? Last? A. One common strategy is to consume massive quantities of junk food, which is easily done thanks to all the ever-present convenience stores and fast-food restaurants. B. There are some widely popular, inappropriate methods that people use to combat stress. C. Finally, watching hours of nonstop TV can put people in a stupor that helps them forget the problems of everyday life. D. Another way to deal with stress is to doze or sleep for hours and hours, even during the day. / The List of Items Pattern

17. There are some widely popular, inappropriate methods that people use to combat stress. One common strategy is to consume massive quantities of junk food, which is easily done thanks to all the ever-present convenience stores and fast-food restaurants. Another way to deal with stress is to doze or sleep for hours and hours, even during the day. Finally, watching hours of nonstop TV can put people in a stupor that helps them forget the problems of everyday life. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern The sentences should read as follows: The next three sentences go on to list three of the methods. The result is the pattern of organization known as a list of items. This paragraph begins with the main idea. Main idea 2 1 3

18. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern Addition words are often used in a list of items to tell us that other supporting points are being added to a point already mentioned. Addition Words Used in the List of Items Pattern

19. There are some widely popular, inappropriate methods that people use to combat stress. One common strategy is to consume massive quantities of junk food, which is easily done thanks to all the ever-present convenience stores and fast-food restaurants. Another way to deal with stress is to doze or sleep for hours and hours, even during the day. Finally, watching hours of nonstop TV can put people in a stupor that helps them forget the problems of everyday life. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern Addition Words Used in the List of Items Pattern 2 1 3 In this paragraph, the transitions One, Another, and Finally introduce the points being listed and indicate their order.

20. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern The paragraph below is organized as a list of items. Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure- time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate.

21. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure- time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. What is the main idea in the paragraph? Main idea: Sports serve several purposes.

22. Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure- time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern Main idea: Sports serve several purposes. What addition transition signals the first major detail? 1. They provide leisure-time exercise. 1 The addition transition First signals the first major detail—that they provide leisure-time exercise.

23. Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure- time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern Main idea: Sports serve several purposes. 1. They provide leisure-time exercise. What addition transition signals the second major detail? 2 The addition transition Second signals the second major detail—that they provide an outlet for energies. 2. They supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order.

24. Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure- time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern Main idea: Sports serve several purposes. 1. They provide leisure-time exercise. 2. They supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. What addition transition signals the third major detail? 3 3. They give society role models.

25. Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure- time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern Main idea: Sports serve several purposes. 1. They provide leisure-time exercise. 2. They supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. 3. They give society role models.

26. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization 2 The Time Order Pattern Authors usually present events in the order in which they happen, resulting in the time order pattern of organization.

27. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern See if you can arrange the following sentences in a logical order. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? Last? A. Next, the two people declare themselves a couple, telling friends and relatives about the new person in their lives. B. The two people then make a commitment to have an exclusive relationship with each other. C. A relationship begins when two people show interest in each other and choose to spend time together. D. Last, the two people formalize the relationship by cohabitation or marriage. Clues to the order of the above sentences are time transitions.

28. A relationship begins when two people show interest in each other and choose to spend time together. The two people then make a commitment to have an exclusive relationship with each other. Next, the two people declare themselves a couple, telling friends and relatives about the new person in their lives. Last, the two people formalize the relationship by cohabitation or marriage. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern Time word The sentences should read as follows: Time word

29. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern Here again is the list of time words you saw earlier: Time Words Used in the Time Order Pattern In addition to the time transitions listed above, signals for the time order pattern include such words as stages, series, steps, and process.

30. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern The two most common kinds of time order are 1) a series of events or stages and 2) a series of steps (directions for how to do something). and

31. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern Series of Events or Stages

32. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Events or Stages This paragraph is organized according to time order. Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences.

33. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Events or Stages Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. The main idea of the paragraph is suggested in the first sentence. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages.

34. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Events or Stages Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. What time transition introduces the first stage?

35. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Events or Stages Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. Stage 2—Three or four months later, babies can repeat sounds and carry on little “conversations.” What time transition introduces the second stage?

36. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Events or Stages Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. Stage 2—Three or four months later, babies can repeat sounds and carry on little “conversations.” Stage 3—Toddlers understand many words but cannot talk. What time transition introduces the third stage?

37. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Events or Stages Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. Stage 2—Three or four months later, babies can repeat sounds and carry on little “conversations.” Stage 3—Toddlers understand many words but cannot talk. Stage 4—The child talks in single words and in two-word sentences. What time transition introduces the fourth stage?

38. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Events or Stages Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. Stage 2—Three or four months later, babies can repeat sounds and carry on little “conversations.” Stage 3—Toddlers understand many words but cannot talk. Stage 4—The child talks in single words and in two-word sentences.

39. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern Series of Steps (Directions) When authors give directions, they use time order. They explain step 1, then step 2, and so on through the entire sequence of steps that must be taken toward a specific goal.

40. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a paragraph that gives directions. Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed.

41. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. The first sentence states the main idea.

42. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 1 The time word First introduces the first step.

43. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. What time word introduces the second step? 2

44. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 3 The time word Next introduces the third step.

45. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 4 What time word introduces the fourth step?

46. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. The time word After introduces the fifth step. 5

47. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 6 What time word introduces the sixth step?

48. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) The main idea and the six steps can be outlined as follows. Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 1. Lie down, arms at your sides and fingers open. 2. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and clear your mind. Main idea: Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. 1 2

49. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 1. Lie down, arms at your sides and fingers open. 2. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and clear your mind. 3. Tighten all muscles at once. 4. Let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. 5. Take a deep breath, hold it, let it out, and breathe slowly and easily. Main idea: Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. 6. Think of a pleasant scene as you feel yourself relax. 1 2 3 4 5 6

50. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern/ Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 1. Lie down, arms at your sides and fingers open. 2. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and clear your mind. 3. Tighten all muscles at once. 4. Let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. 5. Take a deep breath, hold it, let it out, and breathe slowly and easily. Main idea: Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. 6. Think of a pleasant scene as you feel yourself relax.

51. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization A paragraph’s main idea often indicates its pattern of organization. Paying close attention to the main idea can give you a quick sense of a paragraph’s pattern of organization.

52. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization There are several steps to remembering your dreams. Here is an example of a main idea sentence that suggests the paragraph will have a time order: The words several steps suggest that the paragraph will be organized according to time order.

53. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization Here is a sentence that suggests the paragraph will be a list of items: Various theories explain the aging process. The words various theories suggest that this paragraph will be a list of items. / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization

54. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization While there are thousands of self-help groups, they all fall into three basic categories. Try to figure out the pattern of the paragraph with this main idea: A. List of itemsB. Time order / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization

55. A. List of itemsB. Time order CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization While there are thousands of self-help groups, they all fall into three basic categories. / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization The phrase “three basic categories” is a strong indication that the paragraph will list those categories.

56. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization Three Final Points 1 While many passages have just one pattern of organization, often the patterns are mixed. For example, you may find that part of a passage uses a list of items pattern, and another part of the same passage uses a time pattern.

57. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / Three Final Points 2 You may have noted that when an author presents a series of events or stages or steps, that series is itself a list of items. For example, here’s a time order passage: To read and study a textbook more effectively, follow a few helpful steps. First, preview the reading, taking a couple of minutes to get a quick sense of what the selection is about. Next, read and mark the selection, using a highlighter pen to set off important points. Then write up a set of study notes that summarize the most important ideas in the selection. Last, go over and over the ideas in your notes until you know the material.

58. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / Three Final Points To read and study a textbook more effectively, follow a few helpful steps. First, preview the reading, taking a couple of minutes to get a quick sense of what the selection is about. Next, read and mark the selection, using a highlighter pen to set off important points. Then write up a set of study notes that summarize the most important ideas in the selection. Last, go over and over the ideas in your notes until you know the material. The above passage is indeed made up of a list of items. But what makes it a time order passage is that the list of items appears not at random but in a time sequence.

59. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / Three Final Points 3 Remember that not all relationships between ideas are signaled by transitions. As you read, watch for the relationships themselves, not just the transitions. An author may present a list of items, for example, without using addition words.

60. CHAPTER 5: Relationships I