2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Understanding Drugs and Medicines Chapter 9

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.ANSWERS 1.FALSE—minor side effects of over-the- counter medicines are common. 2.TRUE 3.TRUE 4.TRUE 5.TRUE 6.FALSE—all drugs, despite their source, are made of chemicals 7.FALSE—people can become addicted (physically and/or psychologically to prescription drugs such as painkillers.

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Understanding Drugs and Medicines Contents Section 1 Drugs Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Section 3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 1 Drugs What Are Drugs? A substance that causes a change in a person’s physiological or psychological state. All drugs are chemicals. Active Ingredient- chemical that gives a drug its action All drugs come from one of two sources: Chapter 9 1.Naturals sources, such as plants, animals, or fungi 2.Man-made in Laboratories

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 1 Drugs Medicines- drugs used to cure, prevent, or treat an illness or discomfort. A prescription is a written order from a doctor for a specific medicine. Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines can be bought without a prescription. Chapter 9

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Drugs can be taken into the body in the following ways: Implanted pumps Inhalation Injection Transdermal patches Ingestion Topical application

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

11. Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Approving Drugs for Medical Use The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was created by the federal government to control the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics in the United States. The FDA uses an approval process for proving a drug is safe and effective. Some steps include: Chapter 9 1.Chemical or cell-culture testing in laboratories 2.Testing on animals 3.Testing on human volunteers 4.Clinical trials to compare to existing drugs

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Prescription Medicines (abbreviated: Rx) Should only be taken with a doctor’s recommendation and supervision. Taking someone else’s medication or failing to follow the prescription can be dangerous. Can be illegal to possess certain medications without a prescription. Chapter 9

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Prescription Medicines Prescriptions include the following information: Chapter 9 Dosage (how much you should take) When you should take the medicine How often you should take the medicine The length of time you should take the medicine

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines Most OTC medicines are used for common illnesses, injuries, and disorders. When choosing an OTC: Chapter 9 Decide what kind of OTC will work for you. Decide whether you want a generic or brand- name medicine. They often have the same active ingredients but different inactive ingredients. Read the labels. Long-term use of OTC medicines can cover up more serious problems. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor. OTC’s cannot cure diseases

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

16. Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Herbal remedies and dietary supplements Do not have to be approved by the FDA. May be ineffective or dangerous Chapter 9

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Side Effects of Medicines- anything other than intended effect. Allergic reactions are the most serious risks to taking medicines. Symptoms of anaphylactic shock –most serious allergic reaction: Chapter 9 Itching all over the body Swelling, especially in the mouth or throat Wheezing or difficulty breathing Pounding heartbeat Fainting and unconsciousness Possible death

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Side Effects of Medicines All medicines have potential side effects. Drug interactions - occur when a drug reacts with another drug, food, or dietary supplement MULTIPLIER EFFECT (increase or decrease the effect of one of the substances Labels on OTC packages describe possible drug interactions and potential side effects. Chapter 9

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 2 Drugs as Medicines Using Medicines Wisely 1.ASK YOUR DOCTOR QUESTIONS! 2.Make yourself part of your own healthcare team. 3.Learn the facts about any medicine you take. 4.Listen to your body. 5.It’s not always safe to suddenly stop taking a drug. 6.Speak up and enlist your parents’ help. Chapter 9

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 3 Drugs and the Brain How Drugs Affect the Brain synapsesInformation processing in the brain takes place at the connections between neurons (aka-nerve cells), called synapses neurotransmittersSignals are passed across synapses by chemicals called neurotransmitters Dopamine- a drug that mimics NT’s and causes a pleasure sensationDopamine- a drug that mimics NT’s and causes a pleasure sensation Some drugs affect the way neurons communicate by: acting like neurotransmitters blocking neurotransmitters changing the amount of neurotransmitters moodsemotionsThese changes can affect our moods and emotions Chapter 9

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

23. Section 3 Drugs and the Brain The Path to Addiction ADDICTIONADDICTION: a condition in which a person can no longer control his or her drug use. BRAIN REWARD SYSTEMMost drugs of abuse activate the BRAIN REWARD SYSTEM, which releases chemicals that give pleasure. Pleasure alone does not cause addiction People who become addicts usually start by experimenting, then more regular use leads to a series of changes on the path to addiction. Chapter 9

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25. Section 3 Drugs and the Brain Addiction is a Treatable Disease TOLERANCE- user needs more of the drug to get the same high. Dependence – the user experiences uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms if they try to stop using the drug WITHDRAWAL: the symptoms that occur when a drug user stops using a drug. Stopping drug use can be very difficult because the withdrawal symptoms are often very unpleasant. brain disorderDrug addiction is a brain disorder, and it is treatable. Physical Dependence – when the body needs the drug to function normally. Psychoactive Drugs- change how we think and feel. Chapter 9

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Chapter 9