2. Setting the Stage  Last year, your last unit was the Middle Ages  This power point will review information from that unit.

3. Review of Middle Ages  Western Europe was attacked from the North by the Vikings  The Magyars from Hungary attacked from the East  The Muslims from North Africa attacked from the South

4. A New Social Order: Feudalism  As a result of the many invasions, people turned to local rulers for protection  Feudalism was a political system that stressed alliances of mutual protection

5. The Manor System  Manor System was a basic economic arrangement in which the Lord gives land/protection to peasant in exchange for peasants working the land  Life on the Manor - 5 to 30 families - self-sufficient community - peasant & serfs paid a tax on everything. A tithe was a church tax amounting to 1/10 of their income - peasant families slept on dirt floors - peasants never traveled more than 25 miles outside of manor in their lifetime - peasants needed permission from the lord to marry

6. The Manor System

8. A Medieval Castle

9. Parts of a Castle

10. Attacking a Castle Catapults Catapults - a large machine used to throw objects, often rocks, arrows, pots of fire, or even spears, at a castle. This would destroy the castle walls and buildings

11. Attacking a Castle Trebuchet Trebuchet - Similar to the catapult in that it was designed to throw large objects but it was more efficient than a catapult because it could be built faster and at less cost. Yet it could throw heavier objects even further.

12. Attacking a Castle Battering Rams Battering Rams: They were large mechanical objects, often on wheels that were used to ram the walls and doors of a castle in an attempt to break them down. Often times battering rams were part of a siege tower.

13. Attacking a Castle Siege Towers Siege Towers: Were wooden towers often built at the site of the siege. They were built to the height of the castle walls and were on wheels so they could be rolled up to the wall. Then the attackers could cross right over into the castle.

14. Power of the Church  Feudalism created divisions among the people  The church bonded people together. It gave them hope & salvation  The head of the church was the Pope  The clergy fell under the Pope’s authority

15. Law of the Church  All Christians were subject to Canon Law  Failure to follow this law led to excommunication – banishment from the church

17. The Crusades  A “Holy War” to regain control of the Holy Land and the area around Constantinople  The Pope wanted to reunite eastern and western Christendom

18. Pope Urban II  Called on Europeans to drive Muslims from the Holy Land

19. Why did Christians go on Crusades?  The kings in Europe and the Church wanted to get rid of knights  Young sons of nobles looking for land, positions in society and adventure  Merchants profiting by leasing ships and giving loans

20. Setting out on the Crusades

21. 4 Crusades  1 st – Europeans capture Jerusalem from Muslims on July 15, 1099  2 nd – Saladin recaptures Jerusalem in 1187  3 rd – Muslims retain Holy Land, Christians allowed to freely visit  4 th – Knights did not reach Holy Land. They sacked Constantinople

22. Saladin

23. Sacking Constantinople

24. Results of the Crusades  Thousands left home and traveled to far away lands  Merchants expanded trade with Asia  Power of the Pope and Church decreased  Towns and Universities created in Europe

26. The Famine of 1315-1317  By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate.  A population crisis developed.  Climate changes in Europe produced three years of crop failures  Starvation & poverty led to disease

27. The Black Death  By 1347, the bubonic plague swept across Europe  The disease was fleas that were on rats  One-Third of the population was eliminated  The Black Death had tremendous effect on medieval life.

28. The Black Death

29. The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria. Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Human is infected!

30. The Plague Reaches Constantinople

31. The Mortality Rate 35% - 70% 25,000,000 dead !!!

32. The 100 Years’ War  When? 1347-1453  Why? British occupied French lands  Who? Many English and French kings… but also Joan of Arc  She captures Orleans and the French begin their “Reconquest”  She was burned at stake in 1432

33. Joan of Arc

34. Significance of 100 Years’ War  Inspired nationalism in England & France but also several other areas in Europe  New weapons were introduced that took the place of feudal armies  The role of peasants were changed by creating standing armies for the first since the Western Roman Empire