1. “I hate quotations. Tell me what you know.” Ralph Waldo Emerson “The universe is a quotation.” Jorge Luis Borges

2. “Know the rules well, so you can break them effectively.” Dalai Lama XIV Don’t quote to little, or too much. All quotes must be relevant. All quotes must be “framed” at the beginning and the end; never leave a quote lonely and miserable on its own.

3. To begin with, you need to introduce every quote. There are four options Option 1 Introduce the quotation with a complete sentence and a colon. Example: In the chapter "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For," Thoreau states his purpose for going into the woods: "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.” Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1854)

4. Example: Thoreau's philosophy is epitomized by his request for people to ignore the insignificant elements of life: "Our life is frittered away by detail.” Example: Thoreau ends his essay with a metaphor: "Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in." This is an easy rule to remember: if you use a complete sentence to introduce a quotation, you need a colon after the sentence.

5. “An ounce of practice is worth more than a ton of preaching” Mahatma Gandhi Write a meaningful introduction to the following quote using a full sentence and a colon: “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined.” Henry David Thoreau

6. Option 2 Use an introductory phrase, but not a complete sentence, separated from the quotation by a comma Thoreau asks, "Why should we live with such hurry and waste of life?” According to Thoreau, “The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation.” Your introduction can be more meaningful: Thoreau suggests the consequences of making ourselves slaves to progress when he says, "We do not ride on the railroad; it rides upon us.” You can also use a comma with a closing phrase: “Beware of all enterprises that require new clothes,” warns Thoreau.

7. Practice Write meaningful introductory phrase with a comma for this quote. For example: In order to explain ______, Thoreau says, "Most of the luxuries and many of the so-called comforts of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind."

8. Option 3 - Make the quotation a part of your own sentence without any punctuation between your own words and the words you are quoting. Thoreau suggests the consequences of making ourselves slaves to progress when he says that "We do not ride on the railroad; it rides upon us. Thoreau makes us pause when he says that “The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation.” Thoreau argues that "shams and delusions are esteemed for soundest truths, while reality is fabulous.” *Should you capitalize the first letter of the quoted phrase? If the first word of the quote is capitalized in the original, keep it capital (examples 1 &2); if your quote begins from a mid-sentence phrase, don’t capitalize it (example 3). In other words, just keep it like it was in the original.

9. Practice – Write the following quote into your own sentence “In wilderness is the preservation of the world” Henry David Thoreau, from the essay “Walking”

10. Option 4 Use short quotations - only a few words - as part of your own sentence. In "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For," Thoreau states that his retreat to the woods around Walden Pond was motivated by his desire "to live deliberately" and to face only "the essential facts of life." Thoreau argues that people blindly accept "shams and delusions" as the "soundest truths," while regarding reality as "fabulous." Although Thoreau "drink[s] at" the stream of Time, he can "detect how shallow it is.” * No special punctuation, just punctuate the sentence normally.

11. Practice –integrate words from the the following quote into your own sentence: “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music he hears, however measured or far away.” Henry David Thoreau

12. The Four Options 1. Complete sentence + colon 2. Introductory phrase + comma 3. Make the quote a part of your sentence 4. Use words from the quote in your own sentence Practice the four options with the four quotations below: “Every man is a quotation from all his ancestors.” Ralph Waldo Emerson ''To fall in love is to create a religion that has a fallible god.'' Jorge Luis Borges “Life itself is a quotation.” Jorge Luis Borges “In the practice of tolerance, one's enemy is the best teacher.” Dalai Lama XIV

13. Homework 1.Type out the practice sentences you’ve written in class today. Bring them to hand in on Wednesday. 3. Read the short excerpt from Thoreau’s chapter “Where I Lived and What I Lived For.” Print out the text and underline quotes you think are interesting. Bring the printout to class on Wednesday.

14. “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains.” Jean Jacque Rousseau, The Social Contract