1. SMALL ANIMAL FORELIMB CHAPTER 20 Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2. 2 CHAPTER OUTLINE  Objectives  Key terms  Overview  Pectoral limb positions  Key points  Review questions  Acknowledgements  Bibliography Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

3. 3 Overview Two views are required—exceptions Contralateral limb—older or younger animals Field of view: Long bone vs. Joints Table top If using one film for both views: Label placement: Measure Center ray at area of interest Parallel and perpendicular Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

4. 4 Terminology Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

5. 5 Positions Dorsal recumbencyVentral recumbency Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

6. 6 ANATOMICAL LOCATION ROUTINE VIEWSOPTIONAL VIEW(S) ShoulderLateral, caudocranialExtended or flexed lateral ScapulaLateral, caudocranialLateral—dorsally placed HumerusLateral, caudocranialCraniocaudal ElbowLateral, craniocaudalCaudocranial (horizontal beam), extended or flexed lateral, obliques Radius/ulnaLateral, craniocaudal Foot: carpus, metacarpus, and digits Lateral, dorsopalmarExtended or flexed lateral, obliques Protocol for the Pectoral Limb Radiography Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

7. 7 Shoulder Joint/Scapula—Lateral Shoulder Joint Scapula MEASURE:At the level of the shoulder joint Cranial scapula border CENTRAL RAY: Scapulohum eral articulation Center of scapula BORDERS:Proximal third of humerus and scapula Shoulder joint and caudal border of scapula Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

8. 8 Checklist Settings, image receptor, correct body part, center, and borders correct: Label placement: Measure at: Measure in: Central ray: Parallel: Perpendicular: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

9. 9 Shoulder Joint and Scapula Lateral— Positioning Place: Head and Neck Limbs Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

10. 10 Shoulder Joint and Scapula Lateral—Comments and Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

11. 11 Scapula Lateral Shoulder jointScapula Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

12. 12 Shoulder Joint/Scapula—Craniocaudal (CrCd) Shoulder Joint Scapula MEASURE:At the level of the shoulder joint Cranial scapula border CENTRAL RAY: Scapulohumer al articulation Center of scapula BORDERS:Proximal third of humerus and scapula Shoulder joint and caudal border of scapula Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

13. 13 Shoulder Joint/Scapula Caudocranial Positioning Place: Head and Neck Limbs Comments and Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

14. 14 Shoulder Joint /Scapula CdCr Caudocranial radiograph of the shoulder joint Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

15. 15 Terms Related to Bones Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

16. 16 Humerus Lateral (Mediolateral) Measure Center Borders Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

17. 17 Humerus Lateral Positioning Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

18. 18 Humerus Lateral Comments and Tips: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

19. 19 Humerus Caudocranial (CdCr) Measure Center Borders Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

20. 20 Humerus Caudocranial Positioning Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

21. 21 Humerus Caudocranial Comments and Tips Horizontal beam: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

22. 22 Humerus Craniocaudal Dorsal Recumbency Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

23. 23 Humerus Craniocaudal Alternate— Sternal Recumbency Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

24. 24 Elbow Joint Lateral (Mediolateral) View Measure Center Borders Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

25. 25 Elbow Joint Lateral Extended Positioning Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

26. 26 Elbow Joint Lateral Extended Comments and Tips: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

27. 27 Elbow Joint—Flexed Lateral (Mediolateral) Measure, center, and borders as for extended view Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Comments and Tips: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

28. 28 Elbow Joint—Flexed—Radiograph Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

29. 29 Elbow Joint—Craniocaudal (CrCd) Measure Central ray Borders Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

30. 30 Elbow Joint—Craniocaudal Positioning Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Comments and Tips: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

31. 31 Elbow Joint—Craniocaudal—Radiograph Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

32. 32 Elbow Joint—Oblique Measure, center, borders Position: Rotate body / limb Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

33. 33 Elbow Joint—Oblique—Radiograph Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

34. 34 Radius and Ulna Lateral (Mediolateral) Measure Center Borders Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

35. 35 Radius and Ulna—Lateral Positioning Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

36. 36 Radius and Ulna— Lateral Comments and Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

37. 37 Radius and Ulna—Craniocaudal (CrCd) Measure Center Borders Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

38. 38 Radius and Ulna—Craniocaudal Positioning Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

39. 39 Radius and Ulna—Craniocaudal— Comments and Tips: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

40. 40 Radius and Ulna CrCd FelineHorizontal Beam Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

41. 41 Bones of the Carpal Skeleton Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

42. 42 Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Lateral (Mediolateral) Measure Center Borders Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

43. 43 Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Lateral Positioning Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Comments and Tips: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

44. 44 Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Lateral—Radiograph Lateral radiograph Flexed lateral Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

45. 45 Carpus—Hyperextended Lateral Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

46. 46 Carpus—Hyperflexed Lateral Measure, central ray, borders, place: Forelimbs: Comments and Tips: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

47. 47 Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Dorsopalmar Measure Center Borders Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

48. 48 Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Dorsopalmar Positioning Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Comments and Tips: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

49. 49 Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Dorsopalmar Radiograph Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

50. 50 Carpus—Stress Radiographs Medial stress Lateral stress Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

51. 51 Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Lateral Oblique Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

52. 52 Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Lateral Oblique Positioning Place: Head and Neck: Limbs: Comments and Tips: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

53. 53 Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Medial Oblique Positioning Anatomy Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

54. 54 Oblique Radiographs Radius/humerus lateral oblique Carpus, Metacarpus, Digits Medial Oblique Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

55. 55 Key Points Views perpendicular to the midsagittal plane Dorsal recumbency—proximal limb Sternal recumbency—distal limb Correctly position to show proper symmetry Place the label Cranially for lateral view Laterally for perpendicular view Peripheral borders Joints—include one third of limb proximally and distally Long bone—joint proximal and distal Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

56. 56 Mystery Radiograph Other radiographs from the same source have a similar appearance of a variation in contrast on one section of the radiograph. What could some of the causes be? Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.