1. SYNOVIAL JOINTS

2. LEARNING GOALS I will be able to identify ligaments in various joints. I will be able to identify articulating bones in various joints. I will be able to identify common joint injuries.

3. JOINT INJURIES Strains and sprains occur when the joint is forced past the point of restriction in its range of motion. The result is a stretching or total tearing of one or more of the connective tissues. Strain: muscle and tendon tear Sprain: ligament strain

4. SPRAINS classified according to their severity 1st Degree: stretch or tear of less than 25% of the fibres, some pain, minimum loss of function, mild point tenderness, little or no swelling, no abnormal motion 2nd Degree: a tear of 25 and 75% of the fibres pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, slight instability possible

5. SPRAINS 3rd Degree: (severe – a complete tearing of the fibres) very painful, a major loss of function, instability, tenderness, and swelling The joints that are the most vulnerable to sprains in sports are ankles, knees and shoulders.

6. SHOULDER JOINT Glenohumeral joint Relatively unstable allowing for all kinds of movement Scapula (glenoid fossa), humerus and indirectly the clavicle

8. Superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments SGHL – adduction MGHL – external rotation IGHL – internal/external rotation and abduction All three articulate with the glenoid cavity of scapula and humorus SHOULDER LIGAMENTS

9. SHOULDER SEPARATION Tearing of AC joint Holds clavicle to the acromion Humerus pops out of glenoid Tear in glenohumeral ligaments Clip 1 Clip 2 SHOULDER DISLOCATIONDISLOCATION SHOULDER INJURIESINJURIES

10. ELBOW JOINT Hinge Between humerus and radius/ulna

11. Elbow dislocation clipclip Clip 2

12. Ulnar (ulna and humerus) and radial (radius and humerus) collateral ligaments Extension

13. ANKLE JOINT Hinge Distal ends of tibia and fibula resting on talus Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

14. Calcaneofibular Ligament Calcaneus and Fibula Anterior Talofibular Ligament Talus and Fibula Deltoid Ligament Calcaneous, Talus, Navicular and Tibia

15. INVERSION Most common Rolling over on your ankle or twisted ankle Unstable ankle in plantar flexion Rare due to strength of deltoid Clip 1 Clip 2 EVERSION ANKLE INJURIES

16. HIP JOINT articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis

17. HIP JOINT Iliofemoral Illium (Pelvis) and Femur Ishciofemoral Ishium (Pelvis) and Femur Pubofemoral Pubis (Pelvis) and Femur All three ligaments strengthen joint and limit excessive movement

18. Hip dislocation clipclip Clip 2

19. KNEE JOINT Femur and tibia Hinge (flex/extend) or ellipsoid (rotation)

20. ACL – stops anterior movement of tibia PCL – stops posterior movement of tibia MCL – provides medial stability LCL – provides lateral stability

21. KNEE INJURIES ACL tear clipclip Clip 2 Clip 3

22. LEARNING GOALS I will be able to identify ligaments in various joints. I will be able to identify articulating bones in various joints. I will be able to identify common joint injuries.

23. ASSIGNMENT #1 - CREATE THE ELBOW (HINGE) JOINT POST LATANT

24. ASSIGNMENT #2- CREATE THE RADIAL-ULNAR (PIVOT) JOINT ANTERIOR

25. ASSIGNMENT #3- CREATE THE SHOULDER (BALL & SOCKET) JOINT LATANT

26. ASSIGNMENT #4- CREATE THE KNEE (HINGE) JOINT LATANT