1. Kogakuin University, Utsunomiya University, Japan Keizo YOKOYAMA, Tatsuo OKA, Noriyoshi YOKOO SIMPLE EEC CALCULATION METHOD FOR BUILDINGS BASED ON INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSISE

2. Introduction  CO2 emission from building sector account for 40% of total emissions in Japan.  To reduce the CO2 emission from building is focused.  When buildings change to ZEB/ZEH, the environmental loads related to construction account for a large part of the life cycle load.  The reduction of EEC becomes important.  Calculation method in order to evaluate EEC is proposed.  How to calculate at the early design stage. 2

3. Outline of calculation procedure 3 Quantity of materials Site activity Transport EE & EC coefficients(intensity) EEC at construction stage Calculate the mass / volume of each materials / equipments by measuring drawings or quotation. Use EEC coefficients stored in the database. Multiply quantity of materials by EEC coefficients. Calculate using delivery distances for each material from manufacture gate to site. Based on contractors historical data. Add the above embodied impacts x + + =

4. Why simple calculation needed? 4  In order to reduce EEC, it is effective to estimate EEC at an early design stage.  However, it is difficult to get the amount of materials or equipments totally at an early design stage.  The EEC shall be calculated focusing on the amount of materials and equipments which affect to amount of EEC.

5. Materials and equipment for simple calculation 5 ItemName of materials and equipmentUnit BuildingStructureConcreteVolume (m 3 ) Steel barWeight (t) Outer wall finishing TileArea (m 2 ) or Price Metal window frame Area (m 2 ) or Price InsulationWeight (t) FluorocarbonWeight (kg) ElectricEquipmentCapacity (kVA) or Price Lighting fixturesQuantity(Nos.) HVACChillersCapacity (kW) or Price Air conditionersCapacity (kW) or Price FluorocarbonWeight (kg) Lift Capacity (kW) or Price The equipment and materials are total 12 items as shown in Table

6. Materials and equipment for simple calculation 6 ItemName of materials and equipmentUnit BuildingInternal finishingGross floor area (m 2 ) Other work for buildingPrice or Gross floor area ElectricOther work for electricPrice or Gross floor area HVACOther work for HVACPrice or Gross floor area PlumbingPlumbing workPrice or Gross floor area Site workTemporary work, electricity billGross floor area (m 2 ) The other works are total 6 items as shown in Table

7. Simple calculation sheet (Initial) Item Name of materials and equipment Quan- tity Unit EE coefficien t EC coefficien t Initial EEInitial EC MJ/Unit kg- CO 2 /unit GJt-CO 2 Building StructureConcreteABCD=A*BE=A*C Steel bars Outer wall finishing Tiles Metal window frames Insulation Fluorocarbon gases GWP ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： Lifts Site work Temporary work, electricity bill Total 7 18 items

8. Simple calculation sheet (Lifecycle) Item Name of materials and equipment Initial EE Initial EC Mainten ance ratio No. of Times Replac ed Demoli tion ratio Lifecycl e EE Lifecycl e EC GJt-CO 2 GJt-CO 2 Building Struc-tureConcreteDEFGHIJ Steel bars Outer wall finish-ing Tiles Metal window frames Insulation Fluorocarbon gases ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： ：：：：：： Lifts Site work Temporary work, electricity bill Total I=1+D*(F*years +G+H) J=1+E*(F*years +G+H) 8 18 items

9. EEC coefficients (Intensities)  Database: 1)Process based method, 2)Input-output analysis, 3)Hybrid method. (Depending on the user)  Fluorocarbon gas: content in the insulation material, chiller and air-conditioner.  The coefficients of site work, interior finishing work and other works are obtained according to detail calculation results of some buildings. 9

10. Fluorocarbon gas Thermal conductivity W/(m·K) Density kg/m 3 Type of fluorocarbo n gas GWP (-) Content rate (%) Expanded polystyrene 0.03429R-134a1,4302.7 Urethane foam (board-shaped) 0.02830R-245fa1,0304.7 Urethane foam (foamed on-site) 0.02830R-245fa1,0307.3 Type of fluorocarbon gases and their content rates in Insulators Emissions factor and collection rate by refrigerator Name of Equipment Intensity of refrigerants [kg/kWth] CO 2 emissions factor Collection rate IPCC GuidelineJapan Chillers0.332%-15%6%-7% 30% Residential and commercial A/C 0.331%-10%2%-5%

11. Sample Calculation Intended useLibrary LocationJapan StructureReinforced-concrete No. of stories3 stories Site Area849.37m 2 Gross floor aria2412.99m 2 Electrical equipment Receiving high voltage electricity: 125kVA, Lighting and consent, Broadcast and telephone equipment, Disaster prevention system Air-conditioning equipment Air cooled chiller, Gas heat- pump-unit, FCU on each floor Water supply and drainage sanitation System for direct connection to water supply, Sanitary facilities, City gas equipment Elevator facilities750kg x 1 unit. 11 Outline of building Building life time : 60 years

12. Result of simple calculation(Initial) 12 Item Name of materials and equipment QuantityUnit EE coeffi cient EC coeffi cient Initial EE Initial EC MJ/unitkg-CO 2 /unitGJt-CO 2 Building Structure Concrete1,729m3m3 1,2952672,239462 Steel bars220t1410013603,102299 Outer Wall finishing Tiles4.42610 6 Yen54,3763,50024115 Metal window frames13.25610 6 Yen35,3532,87846938 Insulation0.754t44,5843,057342 Fluorocarbon gases0kg 1030 0 Internal finishing2,413m 2 GFA733591,769142 Other work for building37.43710 6 Yen26,5002,10099279 Subtotal 8,8451,038 Electric Transformers0.34110 6 Yen21,5091,72771 Switching boards3.43310 6 Yen22,8781,780796 Lighting557Nos.85.66.2483 Other work for electric 16.64210 6 Yen26,5002,10044135 Subtotal 57545 HVAC Chillers8.44010 6 Yen23,5021,80819815 Air conditioners11.08110 6 Yen23,5021,80826020 Fluorocarbon gases26kg 2,090 54 Other work for HVAC24.80010 6 Yen26,5002,10065752 Subtotal 1,116142 Plumbing10.96510 6 Yen26,5002,10029123 Lifts6.30010 6 Yen28,7352,35918115 Site work Temporary work, electricity bill 2,413m 2 GFA431331,04080 Total 12,0471,342 per GFA/m 2 4.9930.556

13. Result of simple calculation(60 years) 13 Item Name of materials and equipment Initial EEInitial EC Mainte- nance Number of Times Replaced Demoli- tion Lifecycle EE Lifecycle EC GJt-CO 2 GJt-CO 2 Building Structure Concrete2,239462 0 2,239462 Steel bars3,102299 0 3,102299 Outer wall finishing Tiles24115 0 24115 Metal window frames46938 1 93776 Insulation342 1 675 Fluorocarbon gases 0 1 0 Internal finishing1,769142 25,306427 Other work for building99279 33,968314 Subtotal8,8451,038 15,8611,599 Electric Transformers71 1 151 Switching boards796 2 23618 Lighting483 5 28621 Other work for electric44135 2 1,323105 Subtotal57545 1,859145 HVAC Chillers19815 2 59546 Air conditioners26020 2 78160 Fluorocarbon gases 542%270% 141 Other work for HVAC65752 2 1,972156 Subtotal1,116142 3,348403 Plumbing 29123 287269 Lifts18115 2 54345 Site work Temporary work, electricity bill 1,04080 1,04080 Total 12,0471,342 23,5232,341 per GFA/m 2 4.9930.556 9.7480.970

14. Result of calculation 14 Lifecycle Initial Embodied CO2 Embodied Energy EE is 5GJ/m2 at initial stage, and 14 GJ/m2 at lifecycle. EC is 600 kg-CO2 /m2 at initial stage, and 1400 kg- CO2/m2 at lifecycle. Building work is account for large part of total emissions.

15. Comparison with the simple and detailed calculation method Method Simple CalculationDetailed Calculation MJkg-CO2MJkg-CO2 Total 12,047,0001,342,00012,568,7611,367,120 96%98%100% 15 Table shows comparison of the simple calculation method and the result of the detailed calculation. The difference between simple calculation and detail calculation is only 4%. The simple calculation method is good enough to evaluate EEC.

16. Conclusion  This study proposes a simple calculation method.  The selected equipment, materials and other works are total 18 items only.  It is evaluated that the fluorocarbon gas include in insulation material and air conditioners.  EEC calculation accuracy is relatively high. 16

17. Thank you for your attention 17

18. Life cycle stage Embodied impact (Energy and CO2) in life cycle based on EN15978

19. Materials and equipment for simple calculation 19 ItemName of materials and equipmentUnit BuildingStructureConcreteVolume (m 3 ) Steel barWeight (t) Outer wall finishing TileArea (m 2 ) or Price Metal window frameArea (m 2 ) or Price InsulationWeight (t) FluorocarbonWeight (kg) Internal finishingGross floor area (m 2 ) Other work for buildingPrice or Gross floor area ElectricEquipmentCapacity (kVA) or Price Lighting fixturesQuantity Other work for electricPrice or Gross floor area HVACChillersCapacity (kW) or Price Air conditionersCapacity (kW) or Price FluorocarbonWeight (kg) Other work for HVACPrice or Gross floor area PlumbingPlumbing workPrice or Gross floor area Lift Capacity (kW) or Price Site workTemporary work, electricity billGross floor area (m 2 ) The equipment and materials are total 18 items as shown in Table