1. Group 2 James Bamptom Robson Avi Miguel Moraes Mauricio Talebi Gary Dunning Amity Doolittle Ivone Namikawa

2. Question 1: What key factors influence practice across the landscape?

3. Scale Must keep scale in mind. The impact of factors (economics, politics, social issues) varies depending on scale of inquiry—even within the local or regional level – Landowners or household – Community – Municipality

4. Social/Cultural Media has a big role – when media discusses environmental issues, it is always about Amazonia – we don’t have examples of what is happening in this region Cultural notions of what is appropriate way to manage your garden – Natural landscape is seen as unproductive, untidy, European immigrants want to see the landscape look like the clean and well maintained forests of Europe Succession—concern over youth outmigration Environmental education

5. Economic/Markets Pressures on smallholders comes from those who are buying the products Big buyers can influence what is happening on properties by refusing to buy from producers who are not in compliance to CAR Commodity prices Access of smallholder to funding—lack of compliance to CAR

6. Political Governmental organizations and their policies influence landscape and landscape Foster a more integrative approach to planning and interventions in order to reach landscape level objectives – Avoid narrowly defined goals – Avoid segmented, sectoral focus on one issue at a time – Can we consider the linkages between sectors in planning and intervention Larger political pressures, perhaps external to region Ruralists, large land holders, refusing to register in order to pressure postponing the CAR-

7. Environmental concerns Importance of understanding ecosystem services – Water – Soil – Should a wider focus on other ecosystem services be fostered? Important relationship between agricultural practices, human health and ecosystem health – Contagious diseases – Over use of pesticides Are there concerns over whether restoring the landscape will attract animals such as puma? – Attacking domestic animals

8. Question 2: Who needs to be engaged in the process of change?

9. Public, governmental – Environmental governance Minster of Environment State agency of the environment Municipal agency of environment – Extension agents and technical assistance – Association of Municipalities – Municipal Secretary of Education—policy level Teachers Schools—community/social level Civil Society – NGO – Farmers – Community members Corporate, private – Producers associations – Different actors along the supply-production chain Who is holding out?: who can we better engage those who are holding out