1. INTRODUCTION TO AUDIOLOGY (SPHS 1100) WEEK 2 POWER POINT TOPICS  Definitions  History of Audiology  Audiology Specialties

2. GOALS and OBJECTIVES GOAL Learner will understand the different topics related to Audiology. OBJECTIVES  TLW discuss about the history of audiology. (cognitive)  TLW define the terms related to hearing loss.(cognitive)

3. Definitions Audiology Audiology was coined as a new word simultaneously in 1945 by Raymond Carhart and Norton Canfield. Audiologist  Audiologist is defined as an individual who, “by virtue of academic degree,clinical training, and license to practice and/or professional credential, is uniquely qualified to provide a comprehensive array of professional services related to.. the audiologic identification, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of persons with impairment of auditory and vestibular function, and to the prevention of impairments associated with them” (American Academy of a of Audiology, 2004c).

4. Definitions Hearing impairment  IDEA (1997) defined Hearing impairment as “an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.”  It is a general term used to describe any deviation from normal hearing, which can be permanent or fluctuating, and it can be ranging from mild hearing loss to profound hearing loss.

5. Definitions Hard of hearing  Hard of hearing persons have some degree of hearing loss ranging from mild to profound. People who are hard of hearing may benefit from the use of hearing aids or other assistive listening devices.  Persons who have reduced hearing acuity but nonetheless are able to acquire, produce, and comprehend language primarily with the help of audition. They may use amplification and visual clues to understand speech.

6. Definitions Residual hearing  Residual Hearing refers to the hearing that remains after a person has experienced a hearing loss. It is suggested that greater the hearing loss, the lesser the residual hearing. Deafness  Deafness refers to a person who has profound hearing loss and uses sign language.

7. HISTORY OF AUDIOLOGY  The history and the culture of deaf people make up deaf history. Some of them view deafness as a disability, where as the deaf-world sees it as a language minority. The most famous deaf persons who contributed to deaf culture are Ludwig van Beethoven and Thomas Alva Edison.  In 1760, Charles Michel de L’Eppe created a free public school for the deaf. He developed a system that used finger spelling and signs. By 1788, he had published a French sign language dictionary.  In 1800s, Alexander Graham Bell who was the inventor of the telephone and deaf educator used the funds from his telephone invention to develop the Volta Bureau, a school to teach hearing-impaired children. His mother was born hard of hearing and his father worked on a form of sign language called “visible speech.”

8. HISTORY OF AUDIOLOGY  In World War I and II, deaf citizens aided the war effort through defense work, volunteer efforts and military service. While most deaf people were excused from military service, the adult children of deaf parents were a great asset to the armed forces, who used sign language as a “secret language” to communicate sensitive information.

9. PREVELANCE AND IMPACT OF HEARING LOSS  50 million people have tinnitus (ear or head noises).  30 million people are regularly exposed to hazardous noise levels.  26 million people are hard of hearing.  10 million people have some degree of permanent noise- induced hearing loss.  2 million people are classified as deaf.  As many as 6 of every 1,000 children may be born with hearing impairment.  As many as 15% of school-age children may fail a school hearing screening mostly due to a transient ear infection.  Before the age of 6 years, 90% of children in the United States will have had at least one ear infection.

10. AUDIOLOGY SPECIALTIES Medical Audiology  Most of the audiologists are currently employed within a medical environment, including community and regional hospitals, physicians’ offices, and health maintenance organizations.  Audiologist within military-based programs, veterans administration medical centers, and departments of public health work in medical audiology field.  They will conduct different diagnostic tests.  They may also work within newborn-hearing-loss- identification programs and monitor the hearing levels of patients being treated with medications that can harm hearing.

11. AUDIOLOGY SPECIALTIES Educational Audiology  Educational audiologists work in educational settings such as school.  They work closely with professionals in the education of deaf and hearing-impaired children and speech- language pathology.  Audiologists are responsible for the identification of children with hearing loss and referral for medical and other professional services.  The important activities they target are auditory training, speech reading, speech conversation and creation of hearing-loss prevention programs.  They also provide counseling about hearing loss for parents, pupils and teachers.

12. AUDIOLOGY SPECIALTIES  Educational Audiologists make the selection and evaluation of individual and group amplification for hearing impaired students. Pediatric Audiology  Pediatric Audiologists work with young children and new born infants and families.  The important role of them is facilitating parents’ efforts to meet the rehabilitative challenged the child and family will face.  Educational Audiologists work closely with them.  They might work in different settings such as pediatric hospitals, large rehabilitation centers, and community- based hearing and speech centers.

13. AUDIOLOGY SPECIALTIES Dispensing/Rehabilitative Audiology  The Audiologists in this field dispense hearing aids and participate in treatment procedures for hearing impaired persons.  They recommend hearing aids, cochlear implants, and assistive devices.  They work in hospital settings and also in independent clinics. Industrial Audiology  Audiologists work in industries setting in this field.  They conduct hearing conversation programs to identify excessive noise areas, consult in the reduction of noise levels produced by industrial equipment, and monitor employee hearing levels.

14. AUDIOLOGY SPECIALTIES  They also monitor employee hearing levels and educate employees on permanent consequences of excessive exposure.  The industrial Audiologists may work in conjunction with attorneys, industrial physicians and nurses, industrial hygienists, safety engineers, and industrial relations and personnel officers with unions.

15. LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION  The practice of Audiology is regulated in the United States through license in 49 of the 50 states.  One needs to have a license for the state where they are going to practice as Audiologist.  To obtain an audiology license one must have Masters degree 350 clinical hours Passing score on a national exam in Audiology  Certification is not a legal requirement for the practice of Audiology

16. LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION  Audiologists who hold member ship for ASHA are required to hold the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology.  The certification might be useful in single state where licensure is not available.