1. Music 445 – Winter 2016 Sound Archiving in Ethnomusicology January 7 (Week 1) Ethnomusicology and the Berlin School

3. University of Berlin – location of the Phonogramm- Archiv of the Institute of Psychology, founded in 1901

4. University of Washington Ethnomusicology Archives, founded in 1963

5. – Ethnography – descriptive account of a people – Ethnology - science that deals with the origin, distribution, relations, and characteristics of human racial groups; branch of anthropology dealing chiefly with the comparative and analytical study of cultures – Ethnomusicology - the study of music in a sociocultural context

6. Visitors to the Samoan village at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893.

7. 2 Intellectual Streams Historically an academic division existed between “folk” & “primitive” music research. “Folk” music Folklore developed from work of 18 th century historian/philosopher Johann Gottfried von Herder and the Grimm brothers Study of non-elite verbal & musical forms Text-oriented Nationalism – major force in establishment of national & regional folklore archives “Primitive” music Cross-cultural study of music Developed from elements of anthropology, psychology, and philology By 1885 called Comparative Musicology (Vergleichende Musikwissenschaft) Elements of both streams influence the development of Ethnomusicology.

8. Béla Bartók transcribing folk song from cylinder field recording

9. John Lomax – meeting Leadbelly in Louisiana’s Angola Prison Farm, 1933

10. Vergleichende Musikwissenschaft (Comparative Musicology) Guido Adler – earliest written definition (1885) – “Comparative musicology has as its task the comparison of the musical works – especially the folksongs – of the various peoples of the earth for ethnographical purposes, and the classification of them according to their various forms.” (translation by Alan Merriam)

11. Example of early transcription - Persian music: diagrams, instrument, and song - (Jean Chardin, Voyages en Perse, et autres lieux de l’orient (1711))

12. Transcription from Mersenne’s Harmonie Universelle (1636-7)

13. Edison cylinder recorder

14. Alexander J. Ellis - “On the Musical Scales of Various Nations” (1885)

15. Jesse Walter Fewkes - first field recordings; used Edison cylinder recorder to record Passamaquoddy and Zuni songs in 1890 (Peabody Museum)

16. Alice Fletcher, pioneer in the study of Native American music

17. Francis La Flesche, ca. 1908 – employed as an anthropologist by the Bureau of American Ethnology

18. Frances Densmore and Mountain Chief, a Blackfoot Indian, Smithsonian Institution, 1916.

19. Frances Densmore with Susan Windgrow (Good Bear Woman), Dakota, ca. 1930

20. Columbia Graphophone (Type AT) used by Frances Densmore to record Native American music onto cylinders

21. Wiener Archiv-Phonograph was developed in the Vienna Phonogrammarchiv and first used for field research in 1901 (recorded on wax disc).

22. Recording made on wax disc with Wiener Archiv-Phonograph

23. Carl Stumpf, founder, Berlin Phonogramm- Archiv (Psychological Institute, Berlin University); director, 1900-1905

24. Visiting Thai theater troupe – pi-phat ensemble recorded by Stumpf and Abraham, Berlin, 1900

25. Wax cylinder box label for Thai pi-phat ensemble recording – inventory no. 1, Berlin Phonogramm-Archiv

26. Erich Moritz von Hornbostel, director of the Berlin Phonogramm-Archiv, 1905-1933

27. Carl Stumpf and Georg Schünemann recording Tatar musicians in Frankfurt, 1915

28. The “Hornbostel Paradigm” – application of the philological method by treating the sounds of a recording as a “text”; a modified form of European musical notation used to represent these texts “objectively” for study and comparison.

29. Franz Boas

31. George Herzog - key figure linking the Berlin Phonogramm- Archiv and Comparative Musicology with the North American field of Ethnomusicology

32. BAE Ethnologist John Peabody Harrington recording Cuna Indians Margarita Campos, Alfred Robinson, and James Perry, Smithsonian Institution

33. Laura Boulton making a cylinder recording of a royal flute, Angola (performer not identified)

34. Laura Boulton recording Tuaregs in Timbuktu (recording equipment built by Columbia Broadcasting engineers)

35. Fairchild Presto Disc Recorder Used By Laura Boulton

36. Laura Boulton recording the Yellow Lama and Tibetan lamas in Nepal (1950)

37. Laura Boulton recording Haitian singers

38. July 1933 - John A. Lomax acquired a state-of-the-art, 315-pound acetate disc recorder and installed it in the trunk of his Ford sedan. He and his son Alan were touring the American South recording prison inmates and other musicians.

39. Uncle Billy McCrea with John A. Lomax (center), and friends, at Billy's home in Jasper, Texas]

40. Melville Jacobs and Annie Peterson (Coos) with recording equipment, Charleston, Oregon, 1934

41. Klaus Wachsmann using direct-to-disc recording machine in Uganda, ca. 1949-1950.

42. Copying cylinders in the Berlin Phonogramm-Archiv

44. Robert Garfias, founder of the UW Ethnomusicology Program, recording Burmese musicians with Nagra tape recorder