1. Clean Technology (PB386) Click to edit Master title style Numfon Eaktasang, Ph.D. numfon.e@fph.tu.ac.th numfoneak@hotmail.com

2. Cost-benefit Analysis  Cost (3Es: Engineering, Economic, Environment)  Benefit (Waste reduction, Waste & Energy recovery, reduce environmental impacts)  Options (Based on information and feasibility study)

3. Payback Period  Small project (<1 year)  Medium project (1-4 years)  Large project (> 4 years)

4. Cost-benefit Analysis Ex: Assume that a company invests $10,000 in more efficient equipment. The cash saving from new equipment to be $50,000 per year. How long does it take for payback period? Sol: payback period= investment cost saving cost = 10,000 $ 50,000 $/yr = 0.2 yrs or 2.4 months Ans

5. Clean Technology Groups Clean Technology Process group Energy group Environmental and waste management group Material balance or Mass balance Energy balanceWater balance  wastewater Solid waste  3Rs Emission  air pollution

6. Case Study  Canned pineapple

7. Processing Washing Size selection Peeling Cutting #1 Cutting #2 Canned pineapple electricity water pineapple pineapple waste wastewater pineapple waste pineapple electricity water pineapple peel pineapple waste pineapple juice pineapple juice wastewater electricity Small piece pineapple waste pineapple juice wastewater electricity syrup

8. Processing air removal caped/wash sterilize/cooling warehouse label/packaging Export electricity stream water canned pineapple condensate wastewater pineapple waste canned pineapple electricity water stream electricity water electricity condensate wastewater canned pineapple

9. Material or Mass Balance Washing/size selection Peeling Cutting #1 Cutting #2 Canned pineapple 55% pineapple 165 tons 0.5% pineapple waste 1.5 tons 15% pineapple waste 45 tons 44.5% peel 133.5 tons dried 100% raw material 300 tons/day 40% pineapple 120 tons dried/sell 25% pineapple 75 tons 15% pineapple waste 45 tons sell pineapple waste juice

10. Material or Mass Balance air removal caped sterilize/cooling label/packaging Mass balance: Input = out put pineapple (300 tons) = waste (1.5 + 133.5 + 45 + 45 tons) + product (75 tons) 300 tons = 300 tons

11. Water Balance Washing/size selection Cutting #2 Canned water wastewater 100 m 3 /day water 50 m 3 /day blow down 6 m 3 /day 100 m 3 /day Peeling/Cutting #1 water150 m 3 /day wastewater 150 m 3 /day air removal caped sterilize/cooling label/packaging wastewater 14 m 3 /day wastewater 80 m 3 /day wastewater 50 m 3 /day boiler stream 14 m 3 /day water 80 m 3 /day water 20 m 3 /day stream 30 m 3 /day

12. Water Balance Water balance: Input = out put Water in = (100 + 150 + 50 + 80 + 20 m 3 /day) Water out = [wastewater (100+ 150 + 14 + 80 + 50 m 3 /day)] + [blow down water (6 m 3 /day)] 400 m 3 /day = 400 m 3 /day

13. Case Study  Product: canned pineapple  Clean technology: energy group  Objective: to increase the efficiency of manufacturing and pollution prevention by reduce the fuel supply

14. Case Study  Problem:  Water loss during air removal process  Continuous feeding stream into boiling system  Products are not continuously flow through air removal process  Hence, loss of water and energy  Clean technology options:  Install automatic system to control stream  Control and monitoring by using stream valves  Stop the system during without the product flow

15. Case Study  Investment cost: 1. install automatic machine = 150,000 baht 2. install cost= 10,000 baht total= 160,000 baht

16. Case Study  Result:  Measure and monitor volume of water in boiling process  After installed, flow of stream approximately 300 kg/hr  Stream is controlling by automatic machine  Reduce water to produce stream  Reduce fuel to boiling system

17. Case Study  Benefit: Environment Fuel reduction (L/yr) Pollution reduction (Kg/yr) CO 2 SO 2 NO 2 3,857 9,6431357.33

18. Case Study  Benefit: Economic reduce cost of fuel= 40,306 baht/yr payback period = 4 yrs

19. Case Study  Economic evaluation ParameterSymbolUnitValue Water input to boilerQ feed L/day40,000 Water blow downQ blow L/day5,000 Density of waterDKg/l1 Fuel supplyQ fuel L/day2,500 Water flow rate (before CT)Q st, pre Kg/hr/machine300 Number of automatic machinenmachine2 Work hourshhr/year1,800 Work load%95

20. Case Study ParameterSymbolUnit Evaporation rateR st Kg of water/L of fuel Fuel input rate (before CT)Q fuel, pre L/year Fuel reduce rate (after CT)Q fuel, red L/year

21. Case Study  Evaporation rate calculation: R st (kg of water/L of fuel) = (Q feed – Q blow ) D Q fuel = (40,000 – 5,000) x 1 2,500 = 14 kg of water/L of fuel

22. Case Study  Fuel input rate calculation (before CT): Q fuel, pre (L / year) = Q st, pre x n x h R st = 300 x 2 x 1,800 14 = 77,143 L/year

23. Case Study  Fuel reduce rate calculation (after CT): Q fuel, red (L / year) = Q fuel, pre x ( 1 – p ) 100 = 77,143 x ( 1 – 95 ) 100 = 3,857 L / year

24. Case Study  Save cost calculation: fuel cost 10.45 baht/L save cost of fuel= 3,857 x 10.45 baht/year = 40,306 baht/year  Payback period calculation: payback period= invest cost save cost = 160,000 baht 40,306 baht = 3.97 ~ 4 years

25. Case Study  Environment evaluation: pineapple product= 8,119 tons of product/year fuel reduce rate= 3,857 L/year heating value of fuel= 39.77 MJ/L fuel cost= 10.45 baht/L reduce fuel= 3,857 L/tons of product 8,119 = 0.48 L/tons of product reduce heating value= 3,857 x 39.77 MJ/tons of product 8,119 = 18.89 MJ/tons of product

26. Case Study deduce cost of fuel = 3,857 x 10.45 baht/tons of product 8,119 = 4.96 baht/tons of product

27. Case Study  Environmental cost: fuel contain 2% of sulfur Pollution: CO 2 2.5 kg/L of fuel SO 2 0.035kg/L of fuel NO 2 0.0019kg/L of fuel Assume: 95% of fuel reduction of 3,857 L/year

28. Case Study Hence, reduction of pollution are: CO 2 =2.5 x 3,857kg/year = 9,643 kg/year SO 2 =0.035 x 3,857 kg/year =135 kg/year NO 2 =0.0019 x 3,857 kg/year =7.33 kg/year