1. Presented By: Neha Sharma Anjali Modi

2. Levels of Political Action Network Level Coalition Level Individual Level Althought much political manoeuvring occurs at the individual level,it can also involve group or collective action. Distinguish Characteristics Co-operative pursuit of general self-interest Co-operative pursuit of group specific issues Individual pursuit of general self-interest Figure: Levels of Political Action in Organition

3. 1.Individual Level: At the individual level, personal self-interests are pursued by the individual.The political aspects of coalition and network are not so obvious,however. 2.Coalition Level: People with a common interest can become a political coalition by fitting the following definition.A coalition is an informal group bound together by the active pursuit of a single issue. Coalition may or may not coincide with formal group membership. When the target issue is resolved, the coalition is disbands. Experts note that political coalition have “fuzzy boundaries”; meaning they are fluid in membership, flexible in structure, and temporary in duration.

4. 3.Network Level: A third level of political action involves networks.Unlike coalition, which pivot on specific issues, network are loose associations of individuals seeking social support for their general self- interests. Politically, networks are people oriented, while coalitions are issue oriented. Network have broader and longer-term agendas than do coalition.

5. Tactics Used to Gain Political Power Bargaining or Trade-Off Co - optationCo- optation Pressure Competition Coalition Control over Information Control over Communication Channels

6. There are several tactics which individuals and groups can use to gain power in an organisation. Some of these tactics allow cooperation and sharing between groups, other tactics are more competitive and increase power of an group at the expense of others. These are as follows: 1.Bargaining or Trade-Off: It refers to negotiation of a quid pro quo agreement between two groups. Each party to the conflicts offer some benefit to others so that there can be some stability in their relationship.

7. 2. Competition: Te resources at the command of the organisation are limited.Various groups compete with each other to have a greater share of resources. 3.Co-optation: Co-optation occurs when a groups gives some of its important positions to members of other groups or include them in its policy- making committees. 4.Coalition: It is a temporary alliance of a number of individuals or groups who combine their efforts and energy for their common goals.