1. Proteus

2. General characters Enterobacteriaceae family gram-negative bacilli. Can causes of infections in humans Proteus species are most commonly found in the human intestinal tract as part of normal human intestinal flora, along with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella speciesEscherichia coli Proteus is also found in multiple environmental habitats Proteus species are not the most common cause of nosocomial infections. Enterobacteriaceae family gram-negative bacilli,aerobic rod-shaped Can causes of infections in humans Proteus species are most commonly found in the human intestinal tract as part of normal human intestinal flora, along with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella speciesEscherichia coli Proteus is also found in multiple environmental habitats Proteus species are not the most common cause of nosocomial infections.

3. Proteus penneri may be isolated from individuals in long-term care facilities and hospitals and from patients with underlying diseases or compromised immune systems

4. RESERVOIR: Humans, animals, and fish,widespread within the environment, including soil, water, and sewerage Diseases : urinary tract infection has the ability to produce high levels of urease, which hydrolyzes urea to ammonia (NH3), so makes the urine more alkaline. If left untreated, the increased alkalinity can lead to the formation of crystals of struvite, calcium carbonate, and/or apatite, which can result in kidney stones. The bacteria can be found throughout the stones, and these bacteria lurking in the kidney stones can reinitiate infection after antibiotic treatment. Once the stones develop, over time they may grow large enough to cause obstruction and renal failure. Proteus species can also cause wound infections, septicemia, and pneumonia, mostly in hospitalized patients.

5. syndrome Proteus syndrome is a rare condition characterized by overgrowth of the bones, skin, and other tissues. Organs and tissues affected by the disease grow out of proportion to the rest of the body. The overgrowth is usually asymmetric, which means it affects the right and left sides of the body differently. Newborns with Proteus syndrome have few or no signs of the condition

6. Treatment Uncomplicated UTIs in women can be treated on an outpatient basis with an oral quinolone for 3 days or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) for 3 days. Complicated UTIs in men and women can be treated with a 10- to 21-day course of oral therapy (in the same manner as for hospitalized patients) as long as the follow-up is adequate Prevention : Vaccination Diagnosis : checklist is called the “diagnostic criteria” for Proteus syndrome and helps doctors to accurately diagnose the condition. An alkaline urine sample is a possible sign of P. mirabilis. It can be diagnosed in the lab due to characteristic swarming motility, and inability to metabolize lactose (on a MacConkey agar plate, for example). Also P. mirabilis produces a very distinct fishy odor.

7. 1.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/226 434-overviewhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/226 434-overview 2.http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/graf/Student %20presentations/Proteus/Proteus.htmlhttp://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/graf/Student %20presentations/Proteus/Proteus.html 3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_mirabi lishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_mirabi lis NAME : munirah saud almasaad ID:141220157