1. Crime and crime control system Ghulam Muhammad 29259

2. What is deviance? Deviance is any behavior, a belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs deviance is a formal property of social situations and social structure

3. What is deviance? some forms of deviant behavior are officially defined as a crime Crime is behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, or other sanctions all societies have norms that govern acceptable behavior and mechanisms of social control Social control is systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity and to discourage deviance

4. Studying Deviance criminology is the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including police, courts, and prisons

5. Functionalist perspectives on deviance Emile Durkheim regarded deviance as a natural and inevitable part of all societies deviance is universal because it serves three important functions deviance clarifies roles deviance unites group deviance promotes social change

6. Strain Theory According to strain theory, people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals

7. Strain Theory Robert Merton identified five ways in which people adapt to cultural goals and approved ways of achieving them conformity innovation ritualism retreatism rebellion 1910-2003

8. symbolic interactionist perspectives on deviance differential association theory states that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associated with those who are more favorably inclined towards deviance and conformity

9. Conflict perspectives on deviance according to conflict theorists, people in positions of power maintain their advantage by using laws to protect their own interests according to the critical approach, the ways laws are made and enforced benefits the capitalist class by ensuring that individuals at the bottom of the social class structure do not infringe on the property or threaten the safety of those at the top

10. crime classifications sociologists categorize crimes based on how they are committed and how society views the offenses conventional or street crime is all violent crime, certain property crimes, and certain moral crimes

11. crime classifications crimes are defined by criminal law, which refers to a body of federal and state rules that prohibit behavior the government deems harmful to society. If one engages in such behavior, they may be guilty of a crime and prosecuted in criminal court. There are many different types of crimes but, generally, crimes can be divided into four major categories

12. crime classifications Personal Crimes – “Offenses against the Person”: These are crimes that result in physical or mental harm to another person. Personal crimes include, Assualt Battery Kidnapping statutory rape

13. crime classifications Property Crimes – “Offenses against Property”: These are crimes that do not necessarily involve harm to another person. Instead, they involve an interference with another person’s right to use or enjoy their property. Property crimes include, Theft Robbery False pretenses

14. crime classifications Inchoate Crimes – “Inchoate” translates into “incomplete”, meaning crimes that were begun, but not completed. This requires that a person take a substantial step to complete a crime, as opposed to just “intend” to commit a crime. Inchoate crimes include : Conspiracy Solicitation

15. crime classifications Statutory Crimes – A violation of a specific state or federal statute and can involve either property offenses or personal offense. Statutory crimes include: Alcohol-related crimes such as drunk driving (DUI)drunk driving (DUI) Selling alcohol to a minor.

16. social class and crime individuals from all social classes commit crimes they simply commit different kinds of crimes persons from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to be arrested for violent and property crimes only a very small proportion of individuals who commit white-collar worker crimes will ever be arrested or convicted

17. race and crime in 2010, whites accounted for 64 percent of all arrest for index crimes arrest rates for whites were higher in nonviolent property crimes such as fraud and larceny theft but were lower than for the rates of African- Americans in crimes such as robbery in murder In 2010 whites constituted about 66 percent of all arrests for property crimes and more than 59 percent of arrest for violent crimes African-Americans account for over 30 percent of arrest for violent crimes and 31 percent of arrest for property crimes

18. race and crime arrest records tend to produce over generalizations about who commits crime because arrest statistics are not an accurate reflection of the crimes actually committed in our society

19. crime victims men are more likely to be victimized by crime, although women tend to be more fearful of crime, especially those directed towards them such as forcible rate the elderly also tend to be more fearful crime, but are the least likely to be victimized young men of color between the ages 12 and 24 have the highest criminal victimization rates

20. crime victims the burden of robbery victimization falls more heavily on males than females African-Americans more than whites young people more than middle age or older persons

21. the criminal justice system the criminal justice system includes the police, the courts, and prisons the system is a collection of bureaucracies The system possesses considerable discretion the use of personal judgment regarding whether to take action on a situation and so what kind of action to take the police are responsible for crime control and maintenance of order the courts determine the guilt or innocence of those accused to committing a crime

22. the criminal justice system punishment is any action designed to deprive a person of the things of value including Liberty because of something that the person is thought to have done Disparate treatment of the poor, people of color, and women is evident in the prison system the medicalization of deviance is the transformation of deviance into a medical problem that requires treatment by physician

23. the criminal justice system for many years capital punishment or the death penalty has been used in the United States about 4000 executions have occurred in the U.S. since 1930, and scholars document race and class biases in the imposition of the death penalty in this country

25. What to do about crime? Although many people in the United States agree that crime is one of the most important problems facing the country, they are divided about what to do about it the best approach for reducing delinquency and crime is prevention work with people before they become juvenile offenders so as to help them establish family relationships, of self-esteem, choose a career, and get an education which will help them pursue the Career

26. What to do about crime? as long as racism, sexism, the class system, and ageism exist in our society people will see deviant and criminal behavior through selective lenses

27. The global criminal economy global crime networking of powerful criminal organizations and their associates and shared activities around the world is relatively new phenomenon networking and strategic alliances between criminal networks have been key factors in successive criminal organizations that have sought to expand the criminal activities over the past two decades

28. The global criminal economy recent studies have concluded that reducing global crime will require a global response including the cooperation of law- enforcement agencies prosecutors and intelligence services across geopolitical boundaries.

29. Thanks.

30. THE END