1. BY: LESLIE O. PERANO

2.   Is an event that, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency  Operant Behaviors – behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences, and are in turn influenced by those consequences POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

3.  1.Selecting the Behavior to be Increased -The behaviors to be increased must first be identified specifically, in this way, you a.) Help to ensure the reliability of detecting instances of the behavior and changes its frequency, which is the yardstick by which one judges the reinforcer effectiveness b.) increase the likelihood that the reinforcement program will be applied consistently FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

4.  2. Choosing Reinforcement (“Different Stokes for Different Folks”) -In choosing effective reinforcement for an individual, a considerable amount of trial & error may be involved in finding an appropriate reinforcement for a particular individual. -An object or event is defined as a reinforcement only by its effect on behavior. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

5.  3. Establishing Operations -Deprivation > to indicate the time, prior to a training session, during which an individual does not experience the reinforcement. (the longer the deprivation period, the more effective the reinforcement will be.) -Satiation > refers to that condition in which the individual has experienced the reinforcement to such an extent that it is no longer reinforcing. (Enough is Enough) FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

6.  4. Immediacy -Direct-acting Effect > for maximum effectiveness, a reinforcement should be given immediately after the desired response -Indirect-acting Effect > sometimes it is possible to get an individual to work for delayed reinforcement FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

7.  5. Instructions: Make Use of Rules -Specific instructions will speed up the learning process for individuals who understand them. -Instructions may influence an individual to work for delayed reinforcement -Adding instructions to reinforcement programs may help to teach individuals to follow instructions FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

8.  6. Contingent VS. Non-contingent Reinforcement Contingent – behavior occur before a reinforcement will be presented. Non-contingent – reinforcement is presented at a particular time, irrespective of the preceding behavior. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

9.  7. Weaning the Student from the Program & Changing to Natural Reinforcement Natural Reinforcement – un-programmed reinforcement that occur in the normal course of everyday living. Natural Environment – the settings in which they occur FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

10.   Those who are aware of the principle of positive reinforcement can use it to bring about desirable changes in behavior.  Those who are not aware of it are apt to use it unknowingly to strengthen undesirable behavior. PITFULLS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

11.   PROS 1.The pattern is being set for an individual to learn what types of behaviors/actions are acceptable in the environment 2.The token economy system encourages individual to take appropriate risks 3.Praising creates a non competitive environment & helps an individual to become comfortable in receiving praise. PROS & CONS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

12.   CONS 1.Individual can become dependent on rewards. 2.Individuals can lose motivation if rewards are taken away 3.Rewards may decrease individuals motivation by having them focus on receiving a reward instead of learning PROS & CONS OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

13.  PROCEED TO NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT