1. Universität Leipzig – Universidad de Concepción, May 2012 TRANSLATION COMPETENCE: A FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE IN TRANSLATION DIDACTICS Dr. Constanza Gerding

2. Translation competence: skill, aptitude or qualification? Defining translator’s competence; finding a proper name:  Transfer competence (Nord, 1991: 161)  Translational competence (Toury, 1995: 250-51; Hansen, 1997: 205; Chesterman, 1998: 147)  Translator competence (Kiraly, 1995: 108)  Translation performance (Wilss 1989: 129)  Translation ability (Lowe, 1987: 57; Pym, 1993: 26; Stansfield, Scott & Kenyon 1992)  Translation skill (Lowe, 1987: 57) Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

3. Translation competence often referred to, however, not defined Krings (1986: 501, 522) Lowe (1986: 53.61) Nord (1991: 150, 155, 161; 1997: 101) Lörscher (1991: 41; 1992: 426) Toury (1991: 62, 1995: 250- 51) Riedemann (1996: 117) Kiraly (1995: 13-19) Fraser (1996: 87) Hansen (1997: 205) Gerding-Salas (2000, online) It does not mean they have not thought about it… Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

4. The concept of competence Translation competence seems adequate, because: a) it has a long research tradition (e.g. Applied Linguistics, SLA), b) it conveys the idea of ‘an expert knowledge in a specific area’. Competence (‘the ability to do something successfully or efficiently’, Oxford Online, 2012) suits the purpose of defining the act of performing the translation activity skillfully and productively. In linguistics, ‘competence’ is a speaker’s subconscious, intuitive knowledge of the rules of their language. Often contrasted with performance. Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

5. Translation competence labels Translation performance (Wilss 1989: 129; Rothe-Neves, 2007) Translation skill (Lowe, 1987: 57) Transfer competence (Nord, 1991: 161) Translation ability (Lowe, 1987: 57; Pym, 1993: 26; Stansfield, Scotty Kenyon 1992; Hatim and Mason, 1997) Translator competence (Kiraly, 1995: 108) Translator’s competence (Kussmaul, 1995: 33) Translational competence (Toury, 1995: 250-51; Hansen, 1997: 205; Chesterman, 1997: 147) Translating competence (Gerding, 2000) Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

6. Translation competence and Constructivism For Constructivism 1. learning is meaningful (not memory-based) 2. previous knowledge is important for integration, memorization and application of new knowledge 3. both vertical and lateral transfer take place Vertical transfer = Advancement goes from inferior to superior levels of complexity, i.e. one ability is essential for the next. Lateral transfer = application of abilities from one learning domain to another. Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

7. The Social Constructivist Perspective Social Constructivism emphasizes the importance of culture and context in understanding what occurs in society and constructing knowledge (Derry, 1999) This perspective is closely associated with other contemporary theories, such as the developmental theories of Vygotsky, and Bandura's social cognitive theory (Shunk, 2000) Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

8. Assumptions of Social Constructivism (Shunk, 2000) Reality Constructed through human activity Knowledge Also a human product, and is socially and culturally constructed. Individuals create meaning through their interactions with each other and with the environment they live in Learning Viewed as a social process. Meaningful learning occurs when individuals are engaged in social activities Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

9. What type of knowledge is required for translation? Four basic parameters are essential to translation competence ( e.g. Gerding-Salas, 2000 ): 1. Knowledge of the languages 2. Knowledge of the cultures 3. Domain-specific knowledge 4. Transfer competence Neubert (2000) describes five sub-competencies: language, textual, subject, cultural and transfer competence. Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

10. What is translation competence? ‘The mental equipment that constitutes the translator’s unique cognitive set or ability of matching language, textual, subject and cultural competences. ’ (Neubert, 2000: 12) It is where translators are judged, no matter how competent they may be in other aspects (Neubert, 2000) Translator’s competence acts upon text segments of varying sizes (translation units) (Neubert & Shreve, 1992) Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

11. Translator’s competence Neubert (Developing Translation Competence, 2000) Complexity (intricacy; complication) Heterogeneity (several different skills) Approximation (not fully competent in all fields) Open-endedness (always learning from experts & texts) Creativity (originality, initiative, resourcefulness) Situationality (circumstantiality, location) Historicity (flexibility to accept changes) Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

12. What is a competent translator? Agost and Monzó (2001) pose that the translator must have enough knowledge and abilities to produce a translation that can be considered correct in a given reception situation Translators are competent when they can do the commissioned mediation task as effectively and quickly as possible Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

13. Bilingualism and transfer competence Bilingual competence, while an indispensable condition, is not enough to guarantee translation competence at academic level (Krings, 1986, Lörscher, 1991; Toury, 1995; Kussmaul, 1995; Gerding-Salas, 2000) Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

14. Translation competence “The knowledge and skills the translator must possess in order to carry out a translation” (Bell, 1991: 43) “The ability to know how to translate" (Hurtado Albir, 1996: 48) For PACTE (2000), translation competence is "the underlying system of knowledge and skills needed to be able to translate” The PACTE (Process in the Acquisition of Translation Competence and Evaluation) Group investigates the Acquisition of Translation Competence in written translation, both direct and inverse. Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

15. Communicative competence: From L2 Learning to Translation Communicative competence (CC) accounts for knowledge of a linguistic code and language use for communicative purposes ( Hymes, 1971) : Linguistic, cultural, and sociolinguistic knowledge Cognitive, physical and environmental constraints on communication Extra-linguistic competence Knowledge about translation; bi-cultural knowledge Encyclopedic knowledge and subject knowledge in specific areas Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

16. Communicative competence in SLA CC refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge as well as social knowledge of how and when to use utterances appropriately CC was coined by Hymes (1966), in response of Chomsky's (1965) distinction between competence and performance CC, one of the theories underlying the communicative approach to L2 learning, is the ability to interpret, express and negotiate meaning Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

17. Communicative competence components CC was redefined by Canale and Swain (1980), Canale (1983) and Savignon (2003): Grammatical competence: words and rules Sociolinguistic competence: appropriateness Strategic competence: appropriate use of communication strategies Discourse competence: cohesion and coherence Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

18. Communicative competence in translation SLA CC and communicative translation competence (Colina, 2003) : Translators are responsible for the interpretation of ST meaning, expression in the TT in accordance with task specifications, the translational protocol and TL conventions, and negotiation between source and target linguistic and cultural communities in order to satisfy the requirements of the brief Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

19. Communicative translation competence The notion of Communicative Translation Competence excludes translation activity that does not respond to communicative purposes (e.g. linguistic studies, grammar translation) The communicative translation competence notion by Colina (2003) is functionally equivalent to the concept of instrumental translation by Nord (1997) Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

20. PACTE’s Translator’s sub-competencies 1. Communicative competence in two languages 2. Transfer competence 3. Instrumental/professional competence (deriving from the translation brief or documentation difficulties) 4. Psycho-physiological competence (relating to creativity, logical thought). 5. Strategic competence (individual procedures, conscious and unconscious, verbal and non-verbal, used for solving the problems encountered along the translation process). Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

21. Communicative translation competence Shreve (1997) added a cognitive dimension to CTC, and defined it as a series of knowledge structures that allow the translator to recreate form and function associations into other form and function associations in a different culture. Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

22. Full communicative competence In L1 acquisition, the native speaker has full communicative competence Based on the concept of ‘native speaker’, Toury (1986) proposed that of ‘native translator’: one equipped with the basic innate ability to transfer between two or more languages if placed in a particular sociocultural environment In translation competence acquisition there is no agreement as to what competences and sub-competencies make up the cognitive system of the ‘native translator’ (Colina, 2003) Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

23. Components of translation proficiency (Cao, 1996: 328) For Colina (2003), this model suits her concept of communicative translation competence Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

24. Enculturation Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

25. Model of five sub-competencies + a set of components 1.Bilingual sub-competence: procedural knowledge required to communicate in two languages, i.e. pragmatics, sociolinguistics, textuality, grammar and lexis 2.Extra-linguistic sub-competence: bi-cultural, encyclopedic and subject knowledge 3.Translation sub-competence: aspects of the profession, the labor market, etc. Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

26. Model of sub-competencies and components 4.Instrumental sub-competence: procedural knowledge for the use of documentation resources & information & TICs 5.Strategic sub-competence: procedural knowledge that guarantees efficiency in the translation process by identifying problems. It creates links between the other sub- competencies 6.Psycho-physiological components: cognitive components, such as memory, perception, attention span, etc.; attitudes such as curiosity, rigor, etc.; and abilities such as creativity, analysis, logical reasoning, etc. Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

27. Translation competence (Kelly, 2002) 1.Strategic sub-competence 2.Interpersonal sub-competence 3.Psychophysiological sub-competence 4.Instrumental-professional sub-competence 5.Thematic sub-competence 6.Cultural sub-competence 7.Communicative y textual sub-competence Concepción-Leipzig, 2012

28. Generic and specific competences Concepción-Leipzig, 2012 Teoría y Metodología de la Traducción, Universitat Jaume I, Spain (Agost, 2008)

29. Summing up… Concepción-Leipzig, 2012 Communicative and textual subcompetence in at least two languages. Cultural subcompetence and encyclopaedic knowledge. Thematic subcompetence in the translation areas. instrumental and professional subcompetence: use of sources and resources, business administration, union trade activity, and deontological knowledge. Psychophysiological subcompetence: translator awareness, self-confidence, attention span, memory... Interpersonal subcompetence: relationships, team work. Strategic subcompetence: procedures related to work organization and performance, problem identification and resolution, and self-evaluation and revision.

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