1. CRITICAL PATH METHOD - PRECEDENCE DIAGRAMS - SANDEEP DIGAVALLI

2. AT A GLANCE  HISTORY  DEFINITION & USE  GANTT CHART  CPM/PERT  REPRESENTATIONS  AOA,AON & PDM ( PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM METHOD)  NETWORK ANALYSIS  DEFINITIONS- BASIC OUTPUT  EXAMPLES

3. HISTORY Developed by Du Pont, Remington Rand & UNIVAC in 1958 CPM Based Scheduling Method Represents Complex Relationship between Activities Reliable Techniques to Determine Most Planning Results Requires Training to Interpret. CPM was developed by Du Pont and the emphasis was on the trade-off between the cost of the project and its overall completion time (e.g. for certain activities it may be possible to decrease their completion times by spending more money - how does this affect the overall completion time of the project?) Critical Path Method (CPM) Technique is used by Du Pont for Chemical Plants Activities.

4. DEFINITION The critical path method is a step-by-step project management technique to identify activities on the critical path. It is an approach to project scheduling that breaks the project into several work tasks, displays them in a flow chart, and then calculates the project duration based on estimated durations for each task. It identifies tasks that are critical, time-wise, in completing the project. The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) 5 th Edition ( -PMI,USA), an internationally recognized collection of processes and knowledge areas accepted as best practice for the project management profession, defines the critical path as “the sequence of scheduled activities that determines the duration of the project.” It is the longest sequence of tasks in a project plan that must be completed on time in order for the project to meet its deadline. If there is a delay in any task on the critical path, then your whole project will be delayed. Although many projects have only one critical path, some projects may have multiple critical paths. In CPM activities are shown as a network of precedence relationships using activity-on-node network construction  Single estimate of activity time  Deterministic activity times USED IN : Production management - for the jobs of repetitive in nature where the activity time estimates can be predicted with considerable certainty due to the existence of past experience.

5. Originated by H.L.Gantt in 1918 GANTT CHART Advantages - Gantt charts are quite commonly used. They provide an easy graphical representation of when activities (might) take place. Limitations - Do not clearly indicate details regarding the progress of activities - Do not give a clear indication of interrelation ship between the separate activities

6. CPM/PERT These deficiencies can be eliminated to a large extent by showing the interdependence of various activities by means of connecting arrows called network technique. Overtime CPM and PERT became one technique ADVANTAGES: – Precedence relationships – large projects – more efficient

7. REPRESENTATIONS Activity on Arrow (AoA) Original method Activity on Node (AoN) Modified by Fondhal in 60’s Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) IBM’s Extension of AoN Use of nodes and arrows Arrows  An arrow leads from tail to head directionally Indicate ACTIVITY, a time consuming effort that is required to perform a part of the work. Nodes A node is represented by a circle Indicate EVENT, a point in time where one or more activities start and/or finish.

8. ACTIVITY OF NODES & PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM METHOD

11. DEFINITIONS Float (slack) - amount of time that a task can be delayed without causing a delay to:  subsequent tasks (free float)  project completion date (total float) Critical path is the sequence of activities which add up to the longest overall duration. It is the shortest time possible to complete the project. Any delay of an activity on the critical path directly impacts the planned project completion date (there is no float on the critical path). A project can have several, parallel, near critical paths. An additional parallel path through the network with the total durations shorter than the critical path is called a sub-critical or non- critical path. Critical activity – activity with zero float Resource leveling – iterative process of assigning crews to activities in order to calculate their duration

12. EXAMPLE

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