1. MASTERS CLASS ASSIGNMENT(HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT OPTION, 2016/2017) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO. NIGERIA Ibrahim Tanko Abe SPS/16/MCE/00028 SUBMITTED TO Engr. Prof. H.M. Alhassan Ibrahim Tanko Abe SPS/16/MCE/00028 SUBMITTED TO Engr. Prof. H.M. Alhassan

2. INTRODUCTION Previous years have experienced a considerable development in traffic flow theory. A large number of traffic models have been recommended by scientists. Generally speaking, there are two types of traffic models: 1.macroscopic models and 2.microscopic models.

3. TYPES OF TRAFFIC MODELS  Macroscopic models regard the whole traffic flow as a flow of continuous medium based on a continuum approach.  Microscopic models, including the car-following models and cellular automata models, pay attention to each individual vehicle.

4. CAR FOLLOWING MODELS

7. HERMAN Moreover, Herman found drivers always like to pay attention to more vehicles ahead, so he proposed a model with considering the next nearest vehicle ahead. However, aforementioned models mainly considered the influence of the speed of the car ahead to the following car. Their defects are obvious, such as they cannot describe the acceleration of a single vehicle correctly.

8. NEWEL

9. BANDO et al

10. OPTIMAL SPEED MODEL

15. OPTIMUM SPEED MODEL PROPERTIES 1. The OVM could reproduce many properties of real traffic flow, such as : a. the instability of traffic flow, b. the evolution of traffic congestion, and c. the formation of stop-and-go waves, 2. On a quantitative level, the OVM results are unrealistic. 3. On a qualitative level, the simulation outcome has a strong dependency on the fine tuning of the model parameters, i.e., the OVM is not robust

16. Full velocity difference model (FVDM).

17. Comprehensive optimal velocity model (COVM).

18. Optimal velocity forecast model

19. Conclusion  The model considers cars alone which cannot be easily adopted in Nigeria.

20. Recommendation  There is need for inclusion of tricycles and the behaviors of Nigerian drivers.

21. References  Bando. M, Hasebe. K, Nakanishi. K, Nakayama. A, (1998) Analysis of optimal velocity model with explicit delay. Phys. Rev. E vol.58, No.5, pp. 5429- 5435.  Ez-Zahraouy. H, Benrihane. Z, Benyoussef. A, (2004) The Optimal Velocity Traffic Flow Models With Open Boundary. M. J. condensed matter vol. 5, No. 2,. ….pp. 140-146  Jun-Fang. T, Bin. J, Xing-Gang. L, (2010) A New Car Following Model: Comprehensive Optimal Velocity Model. Phys. Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 1119– …1126.  Nakayama. A et al (2015) Scaling from Circuit Experiment to Real Traffic based on Optimal Velocity Model. TGF15.  Yang. D, Jin. P, Pu. Y, Ran. B, (2014) Stability analysis of the mixed traffic flow of cars and trucks using heterogeneous optimal velocity …car-following model. Phys. A 395, pp. 371–383.