1. FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER - NEW AGE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PRESENTED BY UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF ARIF M. HIREHAL Dr. SATISH A. ANNIGERI

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION COMPOSITE MATERIALS THE DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF FIBRES AND MATRIX RESIN SYSTEMS FILLERS ADDITIVE STRESS STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS COMMON FABRICATION METHODS APPLICATIONS OF FRP IN CIVIL ENGINEERING CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), a new construction materiel with proven structural application, is showing increased use in our country Fiber reinforced polymer composite materials were first developed in the early 1940s for military and aerospace applications.’ Their first use in reinforcing concrete structures was in the mid-1950s.

4. CCOMPOSITE MATERIALS Composites can be divided into three main groups:  Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC’s): These are also known as FRP- Fiber Reinforced Polymers (or Plastics).  Metal Matrix Composites (MMC’s)  Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC’s)

5. THE DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF FIBERS AND MATRIX Fiber Reinforcements: The most common types of fibers used in advanced composites for structural applications are: Glass Fibers Carbon Fibers Aramid Fibers

7. Glass Fibers: The glass fibers are divided into three classes - E- glass, S-glass and C-glass. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber: [5] Typical PropertiesE-GlassS-Glass Density (g/cm3)2.602.50 Young’s Modulus (GPa) 7287 Tensile Strength (GPa)1.722.53 Tensile Elongation (%)2.42.9

8. Carbon Fibers: There are many carbon fibers available on the open market, they can be arbitrarily divided into three grades as shown in Table Physical and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber [5] Typical PropertiesHigh Strength High Modulus Ultra-High Modulus Density (g/cm 3 )1.81.92.0 - 2.1 Young ’ s Modulus (GPa) 230370520 - 620 Tensile Strength (GPa) 2.481.791.03 - 1.31 Tensile Elongation (%) 1.10.50.2

9. Aramid Fibers: The aramid fibers have excellent fatigue and creep resistance. the two most common ones used in structural applications are Kevlar 29 and Kevlar 49. Typical PropertiesKevlar 29Kevlar 49 Density (g/cm 3 )1.44 Young ’ s Modulus (GPa) 83/100124 Tensile Strength (GPa)2.27 Tensile Elongation (%)2.81.8 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Aramid Fiber [5]

10. RESIN SYSTEM: The most common resins used in composites are: Unsaturated Polyesters Epoxies Vinyl Esters Polyurethane Phenolics

11. FILLERS: The three major types of fillers used in the composite industry are the calcium carbonate, kaolin, and alumina trihydrate. ADDITIVE: The additives can be divided into three groups -- catalysts, promoters, and inhibitors; coloring dyes; and, releasing agents.

12. COMMON FABRICATION METHODS There are three basic manufacturing techniques in producing composite structural products, with many variations and patented processes: The pultrusion process The filament winding process The layup process

13. STRESS STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS Fig:2 Stress-Strain curve in relation to FRP

14. ADVANTAGES OF FRP High specific stiffness and significant chemical adhesion Strong: high strength to weight ratio It has good fatigue, low thermal conductivity, non-electrical and non-magnetic conductance. FRP allows low labour and equipment cost, lesser time and installation cost. FRP availability in rolls makes it easy to transport.

15. APPLICATIONS OF FRP IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Under water repair of corroded piles: The availability of resins that can cure in water has made it possible to explore the application of FRP for the underwater repair of corrosion-damaged piles. Short Span Bridges: Many pedestrian bridges have been constructed using FRP. The span of these bridges vary from 7 to 10 mtrs. Fiber reinforced plastic tendons have also been used as reinforcement and to prestress concrete bridges to enhance the durability for severe environmental conditions.

16. Bridge Decks: FRP bars with their non corrosive nature are beneficial for improving durability of bridge decks and provide an attractive reinforcement for bridge deck slabs Tunnel Lining: FRP grids could be extremely effective as reinforcement for tunnel lining using short Crete technique to form the skin surface. Marine Structures: Fiberglass boats, fiberglass pretensioned piles, hard-core marine fender etc. are the common applications in the field of marine structures

17. Repair of Structures: A number of chimneys, columns, slabs and girders have been repaired and strengthened with CFRP products due to earthquake damage and/or structural needs to increase their capacity. Long Span Bridges: FRP provide unique alternative to steel and concrete materials to construct long span bridges, which can not be built by conventional materials.

18. CONCLUSION The reasons why composites are increasingly used as strengthening materials of reinforced concrete elements may be summarized as follows: immunity to corrosion; very high strength/weight ratio, resulting in easier application in confined space and reduction in labour costs; very high tensile strength,large deformation capacity; and practically unlimited availability in FRP sizes and FRP geometry and dimensions.

19. REFERENCES Ravikant Shrivastava, Uttamusha Gupta, Choubey. U. B., ”FRP Construction Material-Advantages and Limitation”, ICJ vol.84, august2010 no.8 Sandeep Savardekar, Rustom Jamaji, and Yogesh Chhabra, ”Evaluation and Acceptance Criteria of FRP Systems For Strengthening Structures”, ICJ VOL.84 October 2010 Sheriff El-Gamal, Ehab El-Salkawy, ”Behaviour of Concrete Bridge Decks Slabs Reinforced with FRP”, ACI VOL.102 NO.5 Sep-Oct 2005

20. Emmanuel Vougioukas, Christo A. Zeris, and Michael D. Kotsovos, ”Towards Safe and Efficient Use of FRP For Repair and Strengthening of Structures”, ACI Vol 102 no.4 July-Aug 2005 Benjamin Tang, FRP Composites Application in USA DOT- Federal Highway Administration, http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/frp/frp197.cfm V.K.R. Kodur and Darek Baingo, Fire Resistance of FRP Reinforced Concrete Slabs, http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/irc/doc/pubs/ir/ir758/ir758.pdf