1. Surgery
Surgery : is one of the medical sciences that deals with the treating of the disease by manual appliances.
Surgery: Comes from Latin ward called chirurgie; Chirurgie: Consist from two phrases chir, means hand ; urgie, means work, then surgery means hand work.
Surgeon= The man who is doing surgery .

2. History of surgery *Long and Morton 1842-use ether in anesthesia
*Holmis use the anesthesia.
*Wood use needle and syringe.
*Pasteur 1864-he said the fermentation caused by living organisms and caused infection. when there is no infection there is good surgery.
*Lister1867introduce the antiseptic surgery.(he used carbolic acid to kill the living organisms)
*Pean use the artery forceps .
*Lister use the chromic catgut in suture material
*Bergman introduce the sterilization by boiling, if boil the things there is no infection.
*Halstead introduce the use of gloves in surgery.

3. Classification of surgery
A-Techniques involved 1-Extirpative surgery. 2-Cosmetic surgery ( in this conditions the animal is not sick). 3-Reconstruction surgery. 4-Replacement surgery (transplantation).

4. B-System involved 1-Neurosurgery
2-Cardiac surgery
3-Thoracic surgery

5. 4-Urogenital surgery 5- Orthopedic surgery 6- Ophthalmic surgery

6. C-Equipment involved 1-Cryosurgery (by used cold -196º C) 2-Microsurgery 3-Electrosurgery 4-Laser surgery 5-Laparoscopic surgery

8. Qualities of a surgeon :
1-Ladies fingers 2-Lion’s heart 3-Eagle’s eye 4-Soliman’s judgment Essential of surgery: ( tenets of Halasted ) 1-Gentle handling of the tissue. 2-Aseptic precaution and technique. 3-Sharp anatomical dissection of tissue. 4-Using of haemostasis. 5-Obliteration of dead space. 6-Avoid of tension. 7- Importance of rest of tissue .

9. Diagnostic tools
Further to the ordinary diagnostic examinations used in surgery like ( palpation, percussion, auscultation, complete blood picture( RBC, WBC, TLC, DLC, Hb ), abdominocentesis, metal detector etc. ). The following tools are used also .
1-Using of X-ray ( Radiography ).
2-Ultrasonography.
3-Magnatic Resonance Image MRI
4-Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
5-Intensifying Image System ( I I S ).
6-Endoscopy .

10. Indications of surgery :
1-To save the life of animal, as caesarean section, intestinal obstruction, removal of malignant cancer. 2-For acceleration of healing process e.g. suturing of wound , immobilization of fracture. 3-For removal of an pathological condition such as; tooth extraction. 4-For cosmetic purposes like docking in dog. 5-Reconstruction of affected parts, like atrasia ani, palatine fissure. 6-For economic purposes or social acceptance of animal .e.g. castration, or spaying. 7-As an diagnostic technique like exploratory laparotomy.

11. Sterilization
*Sterilization : is a process by which the article becomes free from all microorganisms ( pathogenic and nonpathogenic ) either in vegetative or spore from. *Disinfectant: substances which are used for destruction of pathogenic bacteria on non-living surfaces e.g. detole, phenol, Hibitane, etc. *Antiseptic: substance used ether to kill or inhibit pathogenic microorganisms on body surfaces without damage the tissue. e.g. Iodine, Alcohol. *Asepsis or Aseptic: A state of being sterile.

12. *Detergents: are chemical substances which remove the organisms by physical action. In surgery the sterilization of all articles is divided into 3 parts : Critical items : are the items coming in close contact with the site of operation e.g. surgical instrument. Semicritical :are the items not coming in direct contact with the site of operation e.g. operation table . Non- critical items: are the items not coming in contact with site of operation ( directly or indirectly) e.g. environment of the surgical theater.

13. Methods of Sterilization:
1 - Heat Dry heat 1) direct flame 2) Hot air oven . (140ºC-- 2 hr. or 160º C---1hr by this method we can sterilize all the glass wares, syringes, metal surgical instruments , scalpel , scissors) etc. Moist heat 1) Boiling for minutes can sterilize , needles, syringes or other metal surgical instrument. for increasing the powerful of sterilization of boiling water can add little of acid or alkaline or washing soda. Such as 2% sodium carbonate or 1% NaoH . ( can kill the vegetative and spore from )

14. 2)Autoclave (stem under pressure ).
Autoclave : is the best method of sterilization in which the vegetative and spore form of bacteria are killed by using 121ºC for 20 or 131ºC for 15 minutes at 15 Ib. Autoclave is used for sterilization of surgical instrument, glass ware , syringes, rubber goods. Such as gloves, gowns, surgical towels. etc.

15. Factors affecting the sterilization by heat:
1-Nature of heat (dry or moist) moist more effective than dry? 2-Temperature and time (more temp. less time). 3-Absence or presence of spores (vegetative form more susceptible to the heat ) 4-Number of organisms presented. 5-Reaction of the medium (pH): spore are resistance to the neutral pH. 6-Composition of the protection of bacteria from heat .Fat , oil, they protect bacteria from heat.

16. 3 – Radiation
Ultra violate radiation – for operating theater and operation table .
- Gamma radiation is useful for the sterilization of plastic syringes, disposable gloves, suture material.

17. 4 - Chemical agent (methods)
1-Acid : e.g. carbonic acid , citric acid , Boric acid.
2-Alkalies- e.g. sodium hydroxide (NaoH).
3-Salts of heavy metals e.g. Sliver nitrate , mercuric chloride.
4-Halogens –like chlorine , iodine .
5-Oxidising agents –e.g. potassium permanganate (1/5000).
6-Formaldehyde- e.g. Formalin .

18. 7-Reducing agents-e.g. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
8-Phenols and related compound eg. Phenol, cresole, Dettol.
9-Soap-mechanical or physical removal of bacteria.
10- Dyes- e.g. aniline dyes e.g. crystal violet .
11-Aerosol –e.g. ethylene oxide.
12- Alcohol –ethyl alcohol 70 % .

19. THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION