1. Introduction to Databases (1)
COP 6726: New Directions in Database Systems
Introduction to Databases (1)

2. Welcome Course web-site

3. A database is a collection of related data.
A database represents some aspect of the real world.
A database is logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning.
A database management systems (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain database.

4. Database management System (DBMS)
Databases are an essential component of life in modern society.
Examples include banking system, airline reservation, mobile, car navigation system, etc.
A DBMS is a powerful tool for creating and managing large amounts of data efficiently.

5. Database management System (DBMS)
Allow users to create new database and specify their schemas (i.e., logical structure of the data), using DDL.
Give users the ability to query the data.
Support the storage of very large amounts of data.
Enable durability, the recovery of the database in the face of failures.
Control access to data from many users at once.

6. A Timeline of Database History
1960
Computerized database started.
There were two popular data models: a network model called CODASYL and a hierarchical model called IMS.
1970
Relational database model was proposed by E.F. Codd (IBM).
Two major relational database system prototypes were created: Ingres (UBC) and System R (IBM).
Entity Relationship (ER) database model was proposed by P. Chen.
1980
Structured Query Language (SQL) became the standard query language (ISO and ANSI).

7. Data Model
Hierarchical or tree-based model (IMS): late 1960’s and 1970’s
Graph-based Network model (CODASYL): 1970’s
Relational: 1970’s and early 1980’s
Entity-Relationship: 1970’s
Extended Relational: 1980’s
Semantic: late 1970’s and 1980’s
Object-oriented: late 1980’s and early 1990’s
Object-relational: late 1980’s and early 1990’s
Semi-structured (XML): late 1990’s to the present

8. Evolution of databases

9. Relational Database
Separate the physical model from its conceptual model
the programmer would not be concerned with the storage structure.
Provide a mathematical foundation for storage (e.g., Relational Algebra, Normal Form., etc.)
Provide high-level query languages (i.e., SQL)

10. Real World Conceptual Model Logical Model Physical Model
Levels of Abstraction in DBMS
Real World
Conceptual Model
Logical Model
Physical Model

11. Real world  Conceptual model
Banking System

12. Conceptual model  Logical model

13. Logical model  Physical model
File structure
Indexing
Concurrency
Fault tolerance
Performance

14. Data Definition Language (DDL)
Overview of DBMS
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Create database schema
Query Processing (DML)
Answering the Query
Queries and other DML actions are grouped into transactions.
Storage and Buffer Management
Data, Meta-data, Log Records, Statistics, Indexes

15. Overview of DBMS
Transaction Processing
Logging, Concurrency control, deadlock resolution
Query Processor
Query Parser, processor, and optimizer
Execution Engine

16. Oracle Architecture

17. IBM DB2 Architecture

18. MS SQL Server Architecture

19. Basics of the Relational Model
A relational database consists of a collection of relations (or two-dimensional tables).
The relation Movies
A schema is the name of a relation and the set of attributes.
Movies (title, year, length, genre)

20. Basics of the Relational Model
Tuples are the rows of a relation.
Relations are sets of tuples, not lists of tuples.
A set of attributes forms a key for a relation if we do not allow two tuples in a relation instance to have the same values in all the attributes of the key.

21. Structured Query Language
Basics of SQL
Structured Query Language
The standard for relational database management systems (DBMS)
SQL-92 and SQL-99 Standard
Describe and manipulate relational database.
Most commercial DBMS implement something similar, but not identical to, the standard.
There are two aspects to SQL:
Data-Definition Language (DDL)
Data-Manipulation Language (DML)

22. Basics of SQL Data Types Character strings of fixed or varying length
Bit strings of fixed or varying length
Boolean
Integer
Float or Real
Double Precision
Date or Time

23. Basics of SQL CREATE TABLE DROP TABLE CREATE TABLE Movies (
title CHAR (100),
year INT,
length INT,
genre CHAR (10) );
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE Movies;

24. Basics of SQL Declaring Keys CREATE TABLE Movies (
title CHAR (100) PRIMARY KEY,
year INT,
length INT,
genre CHAR (10) );
CREATE TABLE Movies (
title CHAR (100),
year INT,
length INT,
genre CHAR (10),
PRIMARY KEY (title) );

25. Basics of SQL
Retrieval Query
SELECT <attribute list>
FROM <table list>
WHERE <condition>
ORDER BY <attribute list>
GROUP BY <attribute list>;

26. Basics of SQL

27. Basics of SQL

28. Query Optimization

29. Physical database file structure
Databases are stored physically as files of records.
Cache Memory
Main Memory
Flash Memory
Magnetic disk
Optical Drives
Magnetic tapes
Storage device hierarchy

30. Physical database file structure
Data must be in Main memory for DBMS to operate it.
Buffer Pool
Page (or block)
pin count
dirty bit
Main Memory
Disk

31. Blocking Factor Data must be in Main memory for DBMS to operate it.
Disk
disk block
Given block size B and record size R,
Blocking Factor (bfr) = floor ( B / R ).
Therefore, unused space in each block is B - ( bfr * R ).

32. Index Structure
An Index takes a value for some field(s) and finds records with the matching value
SELECT * FROM r WHERE a =10;

33. Index Structure Files of Ordered Records (Sorted File) Hash Index
B+ tree Index 17 24 30 2* 3* 5* 7*
14*
16*
19*
20*
22*
24*
27*
29*
33*
34*
38*
39* 13
B+ tree

36. What is next ?

37. What is next?
Temporal Database
It represents events that occur in time.
Spatial Database
It stores and queries data that represents objects defined in a geometric space.
Graph Database

38. Temporal Database
Fine the employee who worked at the same company during all the time that James worked at FAU
Find all vehicles that are on service in Boca throughout the first hour of the afternoon.

39. Spatial Database
Find the names of all countries which are neighbors of the United States.
List the length of the rivers in each of the countries they pass through.
List all countries, ordered by number of neighboring countries.

40. Spatial Database
Florida Flood Zone Map

41. Spatial Database Homeland Defense & Evacuation Planning
Preparation of response to a chem-bio attack
Plan evacuation routes and schedules
Help public officials to make important decisions
Guide affected population to safety
Base Map
Weather Data
Plume Dispersion
Demographics Information
Transportation Networks
( Images from )

42. Graph Database Find the shortest route from FAU to PBI.
Find the nearest gas station.
Find the evacuation routes in building.

43. Graph Database Dynamic social network Airline flight schedule
Emerging trends
Evolving network
Propagation models
- Dynamic migration
Price
Routes
Schedules
- Peak load - Cascading blackout
Spatio-temporal road network
Power distribution
Routing planning
Shortest path

44. Graph Database Connected Vehicles
Gartner reported that about one in five vehicles on the road worldwide will have some form of wireless network connection by 2020, amounting to more than 250 million connected vehicles [1]. 
Connected vehicles have the potential to transform the way Americans travel through creation of data within vehicles that includes cars, buses, trucks, trains, traffic signals, cell phones, and other devices.
Apple CarPlay
Waze
(Crowd-Sourced Data)
Connected Vehicle - Next Generation ITS
(US DOT)
Connected Taxi Service

45. Take Home Message
Introduction to Databases
History of Database
Relational Databases
Future Generation of Databases