1. Justice

2. We use justice to evaluate not only the actions of individuals but also the social, legal, political and economic practices and institutions.
Just / right /good =closer to fairness / equality /desert /rights
Fairness –fair treatments of members of groups of people or looks backward to the fair compensation of prior injuries
Justice? When there is something to distribute. Shortage of organ donors : what is the just or fair way of deciding who gets a transplant?
Equality- our treatment of people reflect their fundamental moral equality.
Burden? Taxes want to make sure that everyone bears a fair share

3. Desert-justice requires that people get what they deserve
Treat people justly is to give them what they deserve.
Rights- One is treated unjustly when one’s moral rights are violated.
Justice concern with righting the wrongs.

4. Relevant to business ethics primarily in distribution of benefits & burdens.
Economic transformations often involve overall improvement of welfare that is unevenly distributed, so some groups pay a price while others reap the rewards.
Justice requires also something to be done to compensate the victims of discrimination or defective products or industrial accidents.

5. Justice of process Justice of outcome Example:
Restaurant bands dogs, exception of seeing-eye dogs.
Same process-not attained, some allowed, some not
Same outcome-both sighted and blind people enjoy the restaurant

6. Four forms of justice:
compensatory
distributive,
retributive and
procedural
Compensatory and retributive justice are concern with correcting wrongs.

7. Compensatory Justice Unfair to leave a harm uncorrected.
X does harm to Y. Take from X to compensate Y so as to address the imbalance. Basis of law of torts (haksız fiil).
Fairness lies in putting people back in the position they would have been in had the harm not been done

8. Distributive Justice Fairness in distributions of benefits and burdens
Questions arise mostly in evaluation of social, political and economic institutions, where benefits & burdens of engaging in cooperative activities must be spread over a group. Principle of distribution. Graduated income Tax system. (Artan oranlı gelir vergisi sistemi)
Comparative each person’s amount relative to that of others.
Based on evaluation of the outcome or results of the business relations
Evaluates benefits derived and equity

9. Retributive Justice Involves the punishment of wrongdoers.
Balance severity of punishment with severity of harm for which punishment imposed
Severe punishment for severe wrongs, light for slight
Workplace discipline should be fair in such a balanced fashion.

10. Procedural Justice
Based on the processes and activities that produce results or outcomes
Evaluates decision making processes and level of access, openness and participation

11. Justice Involves “balancing”, “weighing” and conforming to a standard
Moral psychology: people have a “sense of justice”
Treat like cases alike
Equal and unequal treatment could both be “fair”
“Rewarding” and “punishing” can both be “fair”

12. Justice in the Workplace
Fair compensation for services
Equal treatment in process
Unfair competitive practices
Appropriate (fair) discipline
Hearing both sides in a dispute
No bias re grounds of discrimination

13. Personal vs. Corporate Morality
A company cannot be a moral agent
Legal authority is diminished
As a pseudo (pretended) moral agent they should however be held to the same standard as individuals
A corporation cannot do whatever it pleases
Must respect right of others
Demonstrate same virtues that we expect of individuals

14. Making Decisions
Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should impact our choice of a course of action. Having a method for ethical decision making is absolutely essential. When practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that we work through it automatically without consulting the specific steps.
The more novel and difficult the ethical choice we face, the more we need to rely on discussion and dialogue with others about the dilemma. Only by careful exploration of the problem, aided by the insights and different perspectives of others, can we make good ethical choices in such situations.

15. What benefits and what harms will each course of action produce, and which alternative will lead to the best overall consequences?
What moral rights do the affected parties have, and which course of action best respects those rights?
What are the related duties defined previously?
Which course of action develops moral virtues?
Which course of action treats everyone the same, except where there is a morally justifiable reason not to, and does not show favoritism or discrimination?