1. Mitten – CSHS AMAZ History – Semester 1
Three Worlds Meet, 1200 B.C. – A.D Section 1: Peopling the Americas Section 2: North American Societies Around 1492
Mitten – CSHS
AMAZ History – Semester 1

2. Peopling the Americas Three Worlds Meet
Native America culture
European culture
African culture
Main Idea = In ancient times, migrating peoples settled the Americas, where their descendents developed complex societies
Why it Matters Now – Patterns of immigration have always shaped and continue to shape American history

3. Peopling the Americas – Sect. 1
Ancient Peoples Come to the Americas
The First Americans
22,000 years ago hunters from Asia to Alaska over Beringia
Hunting and Gathering
Inhabitants hunt large animals until climate warms
12,000 to 10,000 years ago hunt small game, gather nuts and berries
Agriculture Develops
Crops - central Mexico 10,000 to 5,000 years ago
Some cultures nomadic – moving in search of food and water
In ancient times, migrating peoples settle the Americas, where their descendants develop complex societies.

4. Paleo-Indian Age Clovis Points
Fluted projectile points – medium/large spear
Similar projectiles are found all across the Americas
unique and distinctive - pressure flaking

5. Review
Where did the first people to inhabit the Americas come from and how did they get there?
They were from northern present day Russia and they walked across a region known as Beringia.
What did they do to survive and how do we know this?
Hunted big game – mammoth bones and other artifacts such as Clovis Points
Where was evidence found of early native agricultural efforts?
Central Mexico – estimated to have begun some 5 to 10 thousand years ago.
Lets find out about Kennewick Man - video

6. Complex Societies Flourish
Early Cultures in the Americas
About 3,000 years ago, inhabitants begin forming large communities
Empires of Middle and South America
The Olmec flourish 1200 to 400 B.C. along Gulf of Mexico
A.D. 250 to 900, Maya culture thrives in Guatemala and Yucatan
Aztec begin building civilization in the Valley of Mexico in 1200’s
Inca establish empire around A.D in western South America
Cultures have cities or ceremonial centers; some have writing

7. Complex Societies Flourish
Ancient Desert Farmers
People have lived in Arizona for at least 11,000 years
About 3,000 years ago, groups begin growing crops in Southwest
Groups establish civilizations, 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400
Hohokam settle in river valleys
Anasazi live in mesa tops, cliff sides, canyons
Mogollon developed prehistoric culture in the mountains of Eastern Arizona

8. Complex Societies Flourish
Mound Builders
In East, Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian establish trading societies
Adena, Hopewell build huge burial and animal-shaped mounds
Mississippian people build giant pyramidal mounds

9. North American Societies Around 1492 – Sect. 2
Main Idea: The varied landscapes of North America encouraged the diversity of Native American cultures
California
Kashaya Pomo hunt waterfowl along northwest coast
Yurok, Hupa gather acorns in forests, fish in mountain streams
Northwest Coast
Large communities live along streams, seashore, and in forests
Kwakiutl, Nootka, Haida gather shellfish, hunt whales, otters, seals
Place totems, symbols of ancestral spirits, on masks, boats, poles (totem poles)
Potlatches – elaborate ceremonies where families give away possessions – 12 years planning

10. Diverse Native Americans
Southwest
By 1300, Pueblo settle near waterways, build multistory houses
Hopi, Acoma live near cliffs, develop irrigation systems
Grow corn, beans, squash; build kivas, underground ceremonial rooms
Eastern Woodlands
Tribes like Iroquois build villages in forests; farm, hunt, gather
People develop woodworking tools, craft objects from wood

11. Shared Cultural Patterns
Trading Networks
Trade one of biggest factors in bringing tribes into contact
Groups specialize in making different products
Traders on transcontinental network trade items
Land Use
Native Americans consider land the source of life, not to be sold
Disturb it only for important reasons, like food gathering, farming
For Europeans, land is power, land is wealth. This is contrary to most Native American groups.

12. Shared Cultural Patterns
Religious Beliefs
People believe all things are filled with spirits; ancestors guide people
Conversely - Europeans are mostly Catholic with a growing Protestant minority – monotheistic
Social Organizations
Bonds of kinship, ties among relatives, ensure customs are passed on
Division of labor – tasks by gender, age, status – creates social order – groups organized by families

13. 1.3 - West African Societies – 1492
Known for long-established and extensive trade routes – Sahara Highway
Portuguese are the first Europeans to interact with African cultures
Three African Kingdoms Flourish
Songhai = control trans-Saharan trade
Benin = partnership with Songhai & trade
Kongo = iron mining & tool/weapon production

14. West African Societies
Family & Government
Bonds of kinship = ties among people of the same lineage
Religion = nature filled with spirits and spiritual forces in living and non-living objects
Christian and Muslim influences spread as the result of extensive trade

15. Sect. 4 - Objectives SECTION 4 - European Societies Around 1492
Describe life in medieval Europe.
Identify the forces that weakened the power of the Roman Catholic Church.
Summarize the changes that helped expand the European world view.
Explain how trade, travel, and technology combined to lead Europeans to sea.

16. European Societies - 1492 The European Social Order
Communities are organized according to social hierarchy or rank
Monarchs, nobles have wealth, power; at top of hierarchy
Artisans, merchants have social hierarchy
Majority are peasants, at bottom of hierarchy
The Family in Society
Life centers on nuclear family – parents and their children
Men do field work, herd, women do child care, house work, field work

17. Christianity Shapes Outlook
Religion
Roman Catholic Church dominates; pope, bishops make decisions
Parish priests interpret scriptures, administer sacraments
Crusading Christianity
Crusades – Christian military expeditions to take Holy Land, 1096 – 1270
Isabella, Ferdinand end reconquista or reconquest of Spain, 1492
Decline in Church Authority
Reformation – disputes over church practices, authority in the 1500’s
Europe divided between Catholicism and Protestantism

18. Changes in Europe European Situation in 1400’s
Recovery from natural disasters, plague, war; millions die
The Growth of Commerce and Population
Italian city-states profit from trade with Asia, Middle East
Population rebounds: stimulates commerce, growth of towns
Urban middle class gains political power

19. Changes in Europe The Rise of Nations The Renaissance
Monarchs collect new taxes, raise armies, maintain bureaucracies
Merchants accept taxes in exchange for protection, expanded trade
Major European powers emerge: Portugal, Spain, France, England
The Renaissance
Renaissance starts in Italy – interest in world, human achievement
Investigate physical world; study arts, classics

20. New Age of Expansion Overland Travel to Asia
Expense, danger of journeys lead to search for alternative route
Sailing Technology
Navigating instruments, new sailing technology promote exploration

21. Three Worlds Meet Chapter 1 Transatlantic Encounters – Sect. 5
Mitten – CSHS
AMAZ Hist. – Semester 1

22. Transatlantic Encounters – Sect. 5
First Encounters
In 1492, Christopher Columbus attempts to reach Asia by sailing west - meets Taino – natives of Caribbean
Gold, Land, and Religion
Columbus searches for gold, claims lands for Spain, plants crosses
Explores small islands and coastlines of Cuba, Hispaniola (present day Haiti/Dominican Republic)
Spanish Footholds
Columbus leads 3 more voyages; takes soldiers, priests, colonists

23. Impact on Native Americans
Methods of Colonization
Colonization – establishing and controlling distant settlements
Europeans force locals to work, dominate with sophisticated weapons
Disease Ravages the Native Americans
Native Americans have no natural immunity to European diseases
Contagious diseases kill hundreds of thousands, some estimates range in the millions

24. The Slave Trade Begins A New Slave Labor Force
As natives die of disease, Africans brought to work in colonies
Demand for workers grows, price of slaves rises
Slave trade becomes profitable, more Europeans join slave trade – initial exportation in large volumes begun by the Dutch.

25. Impact on Europeans The Columbian Exchange
#1 = Thousands of Europeans voluntarily migrate to America
#2 = massive transfer of plants, animals between hemispheres

26. A New Society is Born Three Cultures Affect One Another
Columbus returns to Spain (1504), disappointed did not find China
Impossible to impose European ways on others – blended society emerges