1. Bell Ringer How many days did the Mayan Solar Year last?
What was the Round Calendar?
What was a Chinampas?

2. Bell Ringer
What is the difference between a hieroglyphic & pictographic system of writing?
What is a trephination?
Where Geographically were the Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas located?

3. Ch 9: Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas

5. Mesoamerica

6. Mayans Believed they have existed from 300-900 C.E.
Based on the Yucatan Peninsula
Influenced other groups in Mesoamerica

7. Mayans: Science Extremely good at math and science
They used a Solar Year, or a year based on the sun’s movements.
Their year was days long.

8. Mayan Science
The Mayans also had a holy calendar that was 260 days long.
Once every 52 years the two calendars would line up, a unit of time they called the Round Calendar
The Mayans also invented zero in their number system.

9. Mayan Art & Architecture
Mayans will paint with colors made from minerals.
Mayans built pyramid like structures, with triangular archways at the top.
Archways always had 9 layers representing the 9 layers of the underworld.

10. Mayans will carve 5-12 FT piece of stones called steles.
These were often placed in front of temples
They normally are 3D carvings, with important dates or events carved into them

11. Writing Mayans will create extremely complex hieroglyphics.
There were 100s of glyphs.
There was no 1 Mayan language, but many dialects. Up to 30 of these dialects are still spoken.

12. The Ball Game was popular across Mesoamerica and played by all the major civilizations from the Olmecs to the Aztecs.
There are many names for it depending on the culture, so it is just commonly called “The Ball Game”
The impressive stone courts became a staple feature of a city’s sacred complex, often being found near temples, and there being several courts in a single city.
More than just a game, though, the event could have a religious significance, and the contests even supplied candidates for human sacrifice, for the sport could, quite literally, be a game of life or death.
The Ball Game

13. Earliest evidences shows the ball game being invented by the Olmec between 2500-100BCE
Such a wide range means they are guessing
The game also featured prominently in Mayan and Aztec culture
The Mayans offered this origin story:
The Maya gods Hun Hunahpú and Vucub Hunahpú annoyed the gods of the underworld with their noisy playing, and the two brothers were tricked into descending into Xibalba (the underworld).
They were challenged to a ball game, and losing the game, Hun Hunahpús had his head cut off.
The basis for the sacrifices sometimes associated with the game
Origins

14. Game Framework The Court Rules Players
Flat rectangular surface set between two parallel stone walls.
Each side could have a large vertical stone ring set high into the wall.
Ends of the court could be left open, but marked, or in other layouts, a wall closed off the playing space to create an I-shaped court. 
Rules
The exact rules of the game are not known
However, the main aim was to get a solid rubber (latex) ball through one of the rings.
Players could not use their hands. One can imagine that good players became highly skilled at directing the ball using their padded elbows, knees, thighs and shoulders.
Teams were composed of two or three players and were male-only.
Players
Players could be professionals or amateurs
There is evidence of betting on the outcome of important games.
The game also had a strong association with warriors and war captives were often forced to play the game.
Game Framework

16. The Aztecs

17. Aztecs: Science & Tech
The Aztecs will take knowledge of early groups and improve on it (Use Mayan Calendar)
The Aztecs will found their capital, Tenochtitlan, on an island.
They create artificial islands called Chinampas
These “floating gardens” could produce up to 7 crops a year.

18. Chinampas

19. Aztec Art & Architecture
The Aztecs were known for pottery, writing poems, their stone temples, music, and dance.
The Temples would have two stair cases, one heading to the Sun God and one to the Rain God.

20. Aztec Writing The Aztecs had a pictograph writing system.
This meant that pictures would represent words, phrases, and names rather than symbolize it.

21. Aztec Warriors
The Aztecs would have two elite military classes: Jaguar & Eagle Warriors

22. The Warriors
Both groups were considered highly trained and some of the best Aztec fighters.
One of the way they proved themselves was by capturing enemies.
The better a warrior you were, the more people you could capture (12-20).
You became a man upon capturing your first enemy

23. Macuahuitl (ma’kwawit)
Both groups used heavy wooden clubs that had fragments of obsidian (volcanic glass) on the edges.
The glass is so sharp, and the clubs could generate so much speed, that a warrior could easily behead a person.
A Spanish warrior indicated in his personal records he saw a Macuahuitl take off the head of a horse in one swing.

24. Aztec Jaguar

25. Incas
Originated some time in the 12th century and lasted until the 1500s
Based in South America
Largest of the Pre-Columbian Empires
Holding such a large empire was one of their major accomplishments

26. Incas: Science & Tech Amazingly good at engineering.
They had roads that went the length and width of their empire.
Were known to have carved through the sides of mountains to complete roads.

27. Suspension Bridges were needed for the Incas to deal with mountains and rivers.
Two ropes were anchored to heavy rocks, while other ropes were huge lower as a path way.
The Bridges may move a lot, and look scary, but are remarkable strong.

28. In order to use the mountains more efficiently to grow crops the Incas created terraced farming.
Each level would have support to prevent moving and drainage.
As the levels go higher the Inca would even switch the crops to what would grow best.

29. Inca: Medicine Inca doctors performed procedures called trephination.
This was a process where doctors would cut a hole in your skull in order to remove bone fragments.
Many people survived the operation and lived normal lives.

30. Inca: Architecture
"We can assure your majesty that it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would even be remarkable in Spain.” ~Francisco Pizarro
Inca were masters of Architecture.
Used a style of dry stone masonry where pieces of stone were cut to fit perfectly together.
Peru is highly seismic, but Inca buildings were designed to let their stones shift slightly, and then slide back into place without damaging a wall.
Many buildings still stand today.

32. Machu Picchu

33. Was Francisco De Toledo right to Kill Tupac Amaru?