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Earth’s Resources
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Renewable Resources Can be replenished over fairly short time spans such as months, years or decades Ex: Plants, solar energy, wind, water
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Nonrenewable Resource
takes millions of years to form and accumulate Ex: coal, copper, uranium, gold
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What is a Fossil Fuel any hydrocarbon that may be used as a source of energy 300 Years of Fossil Fuels in 300 Seconds
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Types of Fossil Fuels Petroleum (oil)
form from the remains of plants and animals that were buried in ancient seas migrated to areas above the water table Dark liquid
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Background: An Energy Crisis Before?
Whaling! Once used whales for everything: lamp oil, medicine, boots, clothing, machinery lubricants 1860: Germ Theory developed = population boomed, more whales needed Whales endangered, pop. still hasn’t recovered New resource bubbling out of the ground: OIL
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Products from Oil Germ Theory 1850’s = medicines = 6 billion people on the planet Most people using oil, coal or other fossil fuels Oil products: petroleum jelly, food wax, gasoline, diesel fuel, plastic bags, crayons And so much more! More people, more resources needed!!
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Oil Based Products
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Fossil Fuels Oil Drilling How Stuff Works: Oil Drilling
60 Minutes: Poison Tide 60 Minutes: Deepwater Horizon Hero Peak Oil: How Will You Ride?
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How did we get here? History of Oils and People
We have used oil for most of human history, the types of oil used have changed 1600’s – 1859 Whaling most common way of getting oil – the blubber Used whale oil (blubber) for most everything Coats, candles, lubricants for machinery, eat, belts, shoes, lotions
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1st Energy Crisis 1860’s everything changed
Germ Theory discovered: before 1868 people, doctors didn’t know about germs Doctors started washing hands between patients People began living Increased population Need more resources More whaling Whale population died, still hasn’t recovered (endangered species list) ENERGY CRISIS!!!
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New resource found: black oil
People discovered that black oil could be used for most of the same things, plus others Industries shifted to finding/drilling black oil OIL ADDICTION!
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Products from Oil (Petroleum)
Plastic bags Oil for car Kerosene Diesel fuel Gasoline Wax for fruit Make-up Lotion Shampoo Conditioner Chap stick Petroleum jelly Lipsticks Deodorant Lubricants (machinery) Pretty much any plastics Shaving cream Toothpaste DVD Cases
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A partial list of products made from Petroleum (144 of 6000 items) One 42-gallon barrel of oil creates 19.4 gallons of gasoline. The rest (over half) is used to make these things Others… Solvents Diesel fuel Motor Oil Bearing Grease Ink Floor Wax Ballpoint Pens Football Cleats Upholstery Sweaters Boats Insecticides Bicycle Tires Sports Car Bodies Nail Polish Fishing lures Dresses Tires Golf Bags Perfumes Cassettes Dishwasher parts Tool Boxes Shoe Polish Motorcycle Helmet Caulking Petroleum Jelly Transparent Tape CD Player Faucet Washers Antiseptics Clothesline Curtains Food Preservatives Basketballs Soap Vitamin Capsules Antihistamines Purses Shoes Dashboards Cortisone Deodorant Footballs Putty Dyes Panty Hose Refrigerant Percolators Life Jackets Rubbing Alcohol Linings Skis TV Cabinets Shag Rugs Electrician's Tape Tool Racks Car Battery Cases Epoxy Paint Mops Slacks Insect Repellent Oil Filters Umbrellas Yarn Fertilizers Hair Coloring Roofing Toilet Seats Fishing Rods Lipstick Denture Adhesive Linoleum Ice Cube Trays Synthetic Rubber Speakers Plastic Wood Electric Blankets Glycerin Tennis Rackets Rubber Cement Fishing Boots Dice Nylon Rope Candles Trash Bags House Paint Water Pipes Hand Lotion Roller Skates Surf Boards Shampoo Wheels Paint Rollers Shower Curtains Guitar Strings Luggage Aspirin Safety Glasses Antifreeze Football Helmets Awnings Eyeglasses Clothes Toothbrushes Ice Chests Combs CD's & DVD's Paint Brushes Detergents Vaporizers Balloons Sun Glasses Tents Heart Valves Crayons Parachutes Telephones Enamel Pillows Dishes Cameras Anesthetics Artificial Turf Artificial limbs Bandages Dentures Model Cars Folding Doors Hair Curlers Cold cream Movie film Soft Contact lenses Drinking Cups Fan Belts Car Enamel Shaving Cream Ammonia Refrigerators Golf Balls Toothpaste Gasoline
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Fossil Fuels Natural Gas – same origins as oil
form from the remains of plants and animals that were buried in ancient seas In actual GAS form, used for heating homes Hydraulic Fracturing a.k.a. “Fracking” Fracking Song Fracking Hell: The Untold Story Fracking in North Carolina Fracking Concerns in NC
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Types of Fossil Fuels Tar Sands mixtures of clay and sand combined with water and varying amount of tar Oil Shale rock that contains a waxy mixture of hydrocarbon called kerogen Some energy experts believe that fuels derived from tar sands and oil shales could become good substitutes for dwindling petroleum supplies
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Types of Fossil Fuels Coal
Form when heat and pressure transform plant material over millions of years Starts off as peat (partially decayed plant material) becomes anthracite (hard, black coal) Buring coal gives use energy and also air pollution
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PEAT LIGNITE
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BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE
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Mountain Top Removal The Last Mountain Trailer Plundering Appalachia
The Last Mountain Movie (1hr 35 min)
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The Last Mountain Thoughts, feelings reactions?
This is West Virginia. What would you do? Would you be willing to fight such a cause?
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Formation of Mineral Deposits
Igneous Process Based on the crystallization of magma Ex: gold, silver, copper, mercury, lead, platinum, and nickel
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Formation of Mineral Deposits
Hydrothermal Solutions hot watery solutions that generate some of the best known and most important ore deposits Ex: gold, lead, zinc, silver, copper
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Alternative Energy Sources
Solar Energy is the direct use of the sun’s rays to supply heat or electricity two advantages: free and non-polluting Drawbacks equipment is expensive not available on cloudy days, night and limited in winter
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Alternative Energy Sources
Nuclear Energy 7% of energy demand in the U.S. Comes from radioactive materials that release energy through nuclear fission In nuclear fission, the nuclei of heavy atoms such as uranium-235 are bombarded with neutrons Drawbacks: storage of produced nuclear waste
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Alternative Energy Sources
Wind Energy Using a wind turbine to harness wind and convert to energy Some experts estimate that in the next 50 to 60 years, wind power could meet 5 to 10 percent of the country’s demand for electricity Drawbacks noise pollution cost of purchasing land damage/death to animals (birds)
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Alternative Energy Sources
Hydroelectric Power falling water drives turbines that produce electricity the water held in a reservoir behind a dam is a form of stored energy that can be released through the dam to produce electric power
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Alternative Energy Sources
Geothermal Energy is harnessed by tapping natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water hot water is used directly for heating and to turn turbines to generate electric power
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Alternative Energy Sources
Tidal Power harnessed by constructing a dam across the mouth of a bay or an estuary in coastal areas with a large tidal range the strong in and out flow that results drives turbines and electric generators
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The Water Planet Each day, people use fresh water for drinking, cooking bathing and growing food Pollution—contaminate of water, air, and land
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Freshwater Pollution Point Source—pollution that comes from a known and specific location Nonpoint Source—pollution that does not have a specific point of origin Runoff carries nonpoint source pollution
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Pollution in the Air Fossil fuel combustion is the major source of air pollution Primary Pollution Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organics and particulates
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Land Resources Earth’s land provides soil and forests as well as mineral and energy resources Mining Mines produce many mineral resources but mines are destroying soil, vegetation and Earth’s contours. Mining also cause soil erosion and pollution that contaminates soil and water and destroy ecosystems
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Land Resources Forests - deforestation (the removal of forests for commercial use, logging) Deforestation can lead to urbanization – the destruction of habitats for cities Agriculture- clear cutting trees and habitats for crop production
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Protecting Resources Conservation the careful use of resources
Pollution Prevention stopping pollution from entering the environment
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Laws and Acts Clean Water Act (CWA)—1972
law requires industries to reduce or eliminate point source pollution into surface waters
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Laws and Acts Safe Drinking Water Act—1974
set maximum contaminant levels for a number of pollutants that could harm the health of people
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Laws and Acts Clean Air Act—1970 most important air pollution law
National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) established six “criteria” pollutants known to cause health problems: carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates
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Caring for Land Resources
Contour Plowing—farmers plow across the contour of hillsides Strip Cropping—helps preserve the fertility of soil Selective Cutting—conserve forest resource Compost—is partly decomposed organic material that is used as fertilizer
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Three “R’s” of Conservation
Recycling collecting and processing of used items so they can be made into new products Reuse use of item over and over Reduce limit amount of non-recyclable materials used
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