1. Welcome to Biology

2. What is biology?

3. Bio =

4. Bio = Life

5. Bio = Life
-ology =

6. Bio = Life
-ology = the study of

7. Bio = Life
-ology = the study of
Biology is the study of life

8. Branches of Biology Anatomy – structure of living things
Microbiology – microscopic living things
Ecology – the relationship between living things and their environment.
Botany – plants
Zoology - animals

9. Characteristics of Life

10. CELLS
Cells
Unicellular (one)
Multicellular (many)

12. ORGANIZATION Organization
Differentiation- cells become different based on the job they are made to do.

13. Structural Levels of
Organization

14. Chemical Level

15. Cellular Level

16. Tissue Level

17. Organ Level

18. System Level

19. Complete
Organism

20. ENERGY Use and need energy
Metabolism – sum of all of the chemical processes that occur in the organism
Used for reproduction and growth.
Autotrophs- Make their own energy
Heterotrophs- take in food for energy

21. HOMEOSTATSIS Homeostasis- the stable level of internal conditions
Homeo/homo = same
stasis = condition
Example
Body temperature

22. GROWTH Growth Cell division – formation of two cells from one cell
Mitosis – Somatic cells (body cells)
Meiosis – Gametes (sex cells)
Development – the process of becoming an adult. Cells differentiate.

23. Cell Division

24. Cell Division

25. REPRODUCTION Reproduction- Transfer genetic material to offspring.
Asexual – one parent
Sexual – two parents

26. Asexual

27. Scientific Method

28. Basic Info
Used to solve scientific questions in a logical and orderly manner.
7 steps
These steps can act as a cycle

29. 1. Identify The Problem We identify our problem through observations
State the problem as a question
EX. Students are sleepy in 1st block.

30. 2. Gathering Information
This builds on previous knowledge
This also helps to clarify the problem.
EX. Students state they only get 4 hours of sleep a night.

31. 3.State a Hypothesis
This is an a possible explanation based on the data that has been collected and known information.
This must be a testable statement.
These can be proven wrong but never proven right without a doubt.

32. Hypothesis Continued
States the predicted results of testing the hypothesis.
Statement in the form of an “if-then” statement.
EX: “If the students get 8 hours of sleep, then they will not be tired in first block”.

33. 4. Designing an Experiment
Controlled Experiments-Based on experiments with a control group and experimental group.
Experiments test ONLY ONE VARIABLE.
Experiments are run many times to collect more then one trail of data.

34. Types of Groups
Control Group- Group held constant (students getting 4 hours of sleep).
Experimental Group- group which faces independent variable (students getting 8 hours of sleep )

35. Types of Variables
Independent Variable- Object or occurrence that may affect the data.
EX. Amount of sleep
Dependant Variable- Variable being changed by the independent varaiable.
EX the number of students sleeping in first block.

36. 5. Making Observations and Recording Data
Data is often in the form of measurements and numbers, or physical characteristics.

37. Types of Data
Qualitative- relating to or involving comparisons based on qualities
Quantitative- Estimable according to quantity; quantitative. (numbers)

38. 6. Organizing and Analyzing Data
Analyzing- Determining whether the data are reliable and do they support or fail to support the hypothesis.

39. Organizing and Analyzing Data
Organizing- data must be in an organized manner to be useful. You may try maps, charts, graphs and tables.
Organize- graphs, charts, tables and diagrams.

40. 7. Drawing Conclusions
Conclusion- a summary that explains the observations and describes how the data relates to the problem.
It states whether or not to support the hypothesis
If that data does not support they hypothesis, the hypothesis must be rethought and retested.

41. Inferring
Inference- a conclusion made on the basis of facts of premises rather than on direct observations.
EX. You see SMOKE… you think FIRE
These are not directly testable.
Drawn from previous knowledge and a field of study. (Not direct observation)

42. Forming a Theory
Theory- a broad and comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true.
Supported by considerable evidence.
Many hypotheses have been tested before a theory is formed.
Few true theories are produced in science.

43. Communication Sharing the results of your findings.
The work of all scientists is subject to examination by other scientists.
Communication allows others to build on the work that has been done.

44. Things to Remember
If the data that is collected from an experiment does not support the hypothesis, it will need to be rethought or retested.
Remember: Just because your data does support your hypothesis, this does not mean it can be a theory.
Scientific information often changes.

45. Scientific
Measurement

46. Measurement ALL scientific measurements are in metric.
System International, SI
Mass – amount of matter an object contains
Weight – the pull of gravity on an object
Mass and weight are measured in grams

47. Mass

48. Measurement cont. Length – the distance between two points
Length is measured in meters.
Volume – the amount of space an object takes up
Volume of a solid is often in cubic centimeters, cm3
Volume of a liquid is measured in liters.

49. Length

50. Volume

51. Volume

52. Measurement cont. Temperature – how hot or cold something is.
Temperature is usually measured in degree Celsius.
Very cold temperatures are measured in Kelvin.
0 kelvin = -273ºC

53. Temperature

54. How reliable are Measurements?
Accuracy, Precision
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value.
Precision – how close a group of measurements are to each other.

55. How reliable are Measurements?
How do you make a measurement?
With most measuring devices, you should be able to estimate to one decimal place more than the smallest division on the device.
The smallest division is a _____ of a centimeter, so you can guess to the __________ (or ___ decimal places like 1.24).
tenth
hundredth 2

56. Using A Ruler
= cm
= cm
= 1.5 cm

57. 1 2 3
1 =
5.73
2 =
3.0
3 =
.35

58. 100
200
300
100
200
300
120 mL
120 mL

59. It’s Easier! 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter
10 centimeters = 1 decimeter
10 decimeters = 1 meter
10 meters = 1 dekameter
10 dekameters = 1 hectometer
10 hectometers = 1 kilometer
1 inch = 4: ¼ inches
8: 1/8 inches
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
1760 yards = 1 mile
miles = 1 light second
86400 light seconds = 1 light day
light days = 1 light year

60. Prefixes Base Units mm kg kilo k hecto h deka da __ __ deci d centi c
__ __
deci d
centi c
milli m
Mass
gram g
Volume
liter L
Length
meter m
milli meter
kilo gram mm kg

61. Stair Step

62. Memory tool k h da base d c m king henry died by drinking chocolate
Bigger k h da
base d c m
king
henry
died by
drinking
chocolate
milk
kids
have
dropped
over
dead
converting
metrics

63. The Microscope

64. Types of Microscopes
Light microscope – uses light that passes from an object through a lens to magnify an object
Simple microscope – one lens
Compound microscope – two lenses
Electron Microscope – Uses negatively charged particles called electrons to form images of VERY tiny objects

65. Types of Electron Microscopes
Transmission (TEM) – Magnetic lenses enlarge the image and focus it on a screen or photographic plates
Magnifies objects up to 200,000 times
CANNOT be used to view living specimens
Scanning (SEM) – Surface is sprayed with a fine metal coating
Provides 3D images
Magnifies objects up to 100,000 times

66. Simple Microscope

67. Euglena 100 x Key F – Flagellum F C N – Nuclus C – Contractile Vacuole

68. Parts of a Microscope Ocular lens Objectives Stage Stage clips
Coarse adjustment
Fine adjustment
Light source

69. More Terms to Know
Magnification – increase of an objects apparent size
Resolution – the power to show details clearly