1. The North American Aviation System
Part 1
Standard 3 Objective 1

2. Air Transportation History
This is not yet in the powerpoint…
2014 was the 100th Anniversary of Commercial Aviation
Wright brother’s first plane: 1903

3. Air Transportation History
Passenger travel on planes: 1919
People thought
flying was
dangerous!

4. Air Transportation History
Charles Lindberg crossed Atlantic: 1927

5. Air Transportation History
Jet service: 1952
Federal Aviation Act: 1958
Created FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)
Airline Deregulation Act: 1978
Allowed for competition

6. Plane Trips
In times of peace, approximately 1.9 million people take a plane trip each day.

7. Civil Aviation Terms Domestic Carriers International Carriers
Regional Carriers (commuters)
Supplemental Air Carriers (charters and air taxis)

8. Definitions
Slots – The time a plane can land, be at a gate, and take off
Scheduled Service – Flights made over regularly flown routes according to a published timetable
Nonscheduled Flights – Planes hired to fly to a particular place at a time specified by the customer – also could be a charter flight

9. Definitions
Effective Date – the date a new flight is scheduled to operate
Discontinued – the date a flight stops operating
Minimum Connecting Time – the amount of time a reservationist must leave in between 2 flights to allow passengers and baggage to transfer from the first plane to the second

10. United States
In the United States, the airlines are PRIVATELY owned!

11. Contract of Common Carriage
The carrier’s obligation to provide transportation as promised and the statement of the limit of liability for loss and damage claim if it does not fulfill its part of the bargain.

12. Hub-and-Spoke System
An airline network formed by a hub (large airport) and spokes (smaller airports)
Centralized operations
Most major airlines have one or more “hubs”
Passengers fly from “hub” to “spokes” and from “spokes” to “hub” to connect to other cities
It saves the airlines money

13. Hub-and-Spoke System

14. Fortress Hubs American – Dallas-Fort Worth Delta – Atlanta
Southwest – Dallas-Love Field
Continental – Houston
United – Chicago

15. Dual-Designated Carrier
A flight operated by a carrier different from the one whose primary code is listed.

16. Definitions
Nonstop Flights – A flight from origin to destination with no intermediate stops
Direct/Through Flights – A flight from origin to destination with one or more intermediate stops
Connection Flights – A flight from origin to destination with one or more intermediate stops where the passenger must change planes

17. Definitions
One-Way Trip – A trip from origin to destination with no return to origin
Round Trip – A trip from origin to destination with return to origin. Flights follow same route and use same carrier.

18. Income or Expenses
Airlines largest source of income – PASSENGER REVENUE
Airline Expenses:
Planes ─ Landing Fees
Fuel ─ Passenger Meals
Labor ─ Advertising
Maintenance ─ Commission
Airline Revenue from Business Travelers – 66%

19. How Are Fares Determined?
The Actual Cost of Service
Marketing Decisions
Route Assignment
Mileage
Class
Add-ons
Stopovers
Maximum Permitted (MPM)
Profit Motives

20. Pricing
Price is the most important factor when buying a travel product
Southwest is the USA’s largest low-fare carrier
An Airline’s Product = Space on Plane

21. Yikes!!! Look at those PRICES!
The times when discounted fares are not available, occurring during holidays and peak-season are known as BLACKOUT PERIODS!

22. Services
Consolidators – high-volume ticket sellers who contract with carriers to consolidate or sell at reduced rates, airlines’ excess inventory – seats that would otherwise fly empty.

23. Orbitz is owned by:
American Airlines
Continental Airlines
Delta Airlines
Northwest Airlines
United Airlines

24. Frequent Flyer Programs
An airline marketing strategy that helps airlines to make a profit as well as build loyalty.
American – AAdvantage Program
Continental – OnePass
Delta – Sky Miles
Southwest – Rapid Rewards
United – Mileage Plus
Delta Airlines –
Southwest Airlines –

25. First Class Seats Located at the front of the plane
Wider seats, more padding, extra space between rows
Built-in electronics (new)
Board and deplane first
Movie and alcohol free
Meals

26. Business Class Seats Scaled down from first class
More room and comfort than coach
Service comparable to first class

27. Coach Class Seats Seated in rear of plane Narrow seats, close together
Overhead bins limited
Movies and alcohol cost

28. Boarding Tickets: Ticketless travel is known as e-tickets.
Some airlines still issue paper tickets.

29. Boarding Check-in: Lets the airline know a passenger has arrived
If checking baggage, it is weighed and checked-in
Picture ID checked (passport, drivers license, military ID)

30. Boarding Boarding Passes:
Allow passengers to enter secure travel area with ID
Needed to board plane

31. Baggage Baggage Options:
Checked – Bags are checked during the check-in process.
Must be within weight and
size restrictions.
Fees could apply.
Most airlines are now charging a baggage fee.
Example - $25 for 1 checked bag
It is estimated that fewer than 1% of nearly 3 million bags are lost by the airlines each day.

32. Baggage Baggage Options: Carry-On Must meet size restrictions
Must be able to fit in over-
head bins or under the
seat
Must meet all security
restrictions

33. Security Airport security is controlled by the government. TSA
Passengers walk through detectors.
Possessions are put on a conveyor belt that goes through an x-ray machine.
Checked luggage is screened as well.
Passengers may choose to join the TSA Pre Screening in which they are vetted and given a number indicating they have been pre-checked. The security screening process with then be expedited for them. They will no longer need to remove shoes, laptops, liquids, belts, or jackets during screening.

34. Carry-On Liquids
Source (2015):