1. Integrate human considerations into Air Transportation System description
Camille RAYMOND
Our work aims to contribute to one of the most challenging problem for the system engineering which is …
But first of all, I gonna briefly remind you about system engineering.
Oslo 2017

2. How to improve the integration of human activity into system engineering ?
Our work aims to contribute to one of the most challenging problem for the system engineering which is the integration of human activity into system engineering.
But first of all, I gonna briefly remind you about system engineering.

3. System Engineering
“An interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of successful systems” [INCOSE, 2015]
Planning
Budget
Quality
Satisfaction of stakeholders

4. System Engineering
“An interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of successful systems” [INCOSE, 2015]
Norms (what ?)
Methods (how ?)
Formalisms
Tools
To do so, system engineers have norms (which prescribe what to do), methods (which prescribe how to do), formalisms and tools

5. System Engineering - Limitations
Limited considerations of human aspects in system engineering
Lack of references of human aspects
Lack of formalisms to express all the system aspects (technical – human – organizational)
Difficulties to evaluate human influence
[Booher 2003; Hardman 2009; Orellana 2014; Mavor 2007]
What we observe in the literature is that System Engineering have several limitations to consider humans aspects within its activities
We observe a global lack of references of human aspects in norms, methods, formalisms and tools etc.

6. System Engineering - Limitations
A limited consideration of human capacities and limitations lead to :
Impossibility to guarantee compatibility between human characteristics and operational demands
Human errors tolerance not guaranteed
Limited collaboration between operators and system
Human-System Integration

7. Human-System Integration
“Multidisciplinary approach of integrating human, technical and organizational aspects at a system level, with full considerations given to the human requirements”
[Booher, 2003]
[Booher, 2003]

8. Human-System Integration
Human Factors
Safety
Health
Environment
Training
Personnel
Manpower

9. Human-System Integration
Do these operators, in their activities, with their competences, are able to perform these tasks, using this equipment, operating in these conditions ?
In other words, HSI aims to answer this question :
Do these operators,
in their activities,
with their competences,
are able to perform these tasks,
using these equipments,
operating in these conditions ?

10. Task Analysis
Description and decomposition of human tasks within systems What operators actually do ? (descriptive) What operators should do ? (normative)

11. Task Analysis - HTA
Hierarchical Task Analysis
[Salmon 2014]

12. Task Analysis
Description and decomposition of human tasks within systems What operators actually do ? (descriptive) What operators should do ? (normative)
Dependent of situations
Dependent of the number of analysis

13. Cognitive Work Analysis
Human factors framework for analyzing and modelling sociotechnical systems
Focus on domain constraints (formative approach)
Five stages of analysis
Work Domain Analysis
Control Task Analysis
Strategies Analysis
Social Organization and Cooperation Analysis
Worker Competencies Analysis
The Cognitive Work Analysis is a framework developed by Vicente & Rasmussen.
It is used to analyse and model sociotechnical systems through five stages, the most used is the Work Domain Analysis that we applied to the NECTAR project
[Vicente, 1999]

14. Work Domain Analysis
Identification and modelling of domain constraints (≡ means available) Situation independent Five levels of abstraction Mean-End relationships
The main characteristics of WDA
The objective of the WDA is to identify and model the domain constraints, which are the means available in the domain that operators use to perform activities
The WDA is event independent, that is to say that the model has to be relevant in all the nominal situations
The constraints are modelled through five level of abstraction that I’m about to describe alongwith the airline traveller example
[Gacias 2009]

15. Work Domain Analysis - Traveller
The main characteristics of WDA
The objective of the WDA is to identify and model the domain constraints, which are the means available in the domain that operators use to perform activities
The WDA is event independent, that is to say that the model is relevant in all the nominal situations
The constraints are modelled through five level of abstraction that I’m about to describe alongwith the airline traveller example

16. Abstraction Level #1 Functional Purpose
The reason why the system is developed Flight Preparation
Functional Purpose
Flight Preparation

17. Abstraction Level #2 Abstract Function
Functional Purpose
Flight Preparation
Abstraction Level #2 Abstract Function
Criteria to measure the success of the system in concern
Satisfy traveller flight criteria
Satisfy traveller experience
Transfer traveller possessions
Respect security rules
Abstract Function
Satisfy flight criteria
Abstract Function
Satisfy traveller user experience
Abstract Function
Transfer traveller possessions
Abstract Function
Respect security rules

18. Abstraction Level #3 Generalized Function
Abstract Function
Satisfy flight criteria
Abstract Function
Satisfy traveller user experience
Abstract Function
Transfer traveller possessions
Abstract Function
Respect security rules
Abstraction Level #3 Generalized Function
Functions available for users to perform their tasks
Orient himself in airport
Get the flight ticket
Get the boarding pass
Depose luggages
Pass security check
Board
Generalized Function
Orientation in airport
Generalized Function
Get the flight ticket
Generalized Function
Get the boarding pass
Generalized Function
Depose luggages pass
Generalized Function
Pass security checkboarding pass

19. Abstraction Level #4 Physical Function
Generalized Function
Orientation in airport
Generalized Function
Get the flight ticket
Generalized Function
Get the boarding pass
Generalized Function
Depose luggages pass
Generalized Function
Pass security checkboarding pass
Abstraction Level #4 Physical Function
Functional capabilities offered by physical services
Orientation
Flight propositions
Payment
Documents generation
Boarding process
Physical Function
Orientation
Physical Function
Flight Proposition
Physical Function
Payment
Physical Function
Document Generation
Physical Function
Boarding process

20. Abstraction Level #5 Physical Form
Physical Function
Orientation
Physical Function
Flight Proposition
Physical Function
Payment
Physical Function
Document Generation
Physical Function
Boarding process
Abstraction Level #5 Physical Form
Physical services
Indication panel
Information Center
Website
Self-service machine
Checking desk …
Physical Form
Indication Panel
Physical Form
Information Center
Physical Form
Website
Physical Form
Self-service machine
Physical Form
Checking Desk

21. Work Domain Analysis - Traveller
Finally, the WDA looks like this illustration.
As you can see, the global map of the system is represented here : from the top level requirement at the top of the WDA, to the physical services delivered by the system

22. Work Domain Analysis for System Engineering
Requirements
The WDA is a relevant source of information for system engineering

23. Work Domain Analysis for System Engineering
Requirements Use Cases

24. Work Domain Analysis for System Engineering
Requirements Use Cases Scenarios

25. Work Domain Analysis for System Engineering
Requirements Use Cases Scenarios

26. Work Domain Analysis for System Engineering
Requirements Use Cases Scenarios Traceability
The traceability is ensured with the WDA since it is possible to trace the system from the top level requirement to the physical devices allowing its obtention

27. Conclusion The Human Factors WDA method Models domain contraints
Situation independent
Enhances requirement definitions
Generate use cases
Generate nominal and degraded scenarios
Complementary with tasks analysis
WDA supports HSI by providing means to express both human and technical aspects at early stages of conception

28. Futur Work
Validation with system engineers to evaluate model production, their satisfaction and acceptability Improve WDA integration within existing model
Actually, we have already processed to a first round of experimentation with system engineers, but it is too soon to expose properly the results

29. Thank you for your attention